Analysis of Johnson Johnsons production Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Johnson Johnsons ingatheringion Essay1. Company characteristics and tag on ambitJohnson Johnson is a spheric Ameri mass pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer packaged goods manufacturer founded in the state of New Jersey, United States in 1886 (Wikipedia, 2008). The corporations headquarters is located in New Brunswick and its consumer character is located in Skillman, New Jersey. The corporation intromits some 250 subsidiary companies with operations in all over 57 countries while its products are sold in over 175 countries. Johnson Johnson and its subsidiaries have approximately 115,600 employees worldwide. Johnson Johnsons primary focus has been on products related to human health and well- world. According to MarketWatch (2006) states that Johnson Johnsons worldwide business is divided into three segments Consumer, pharmaceutic and Medical Devices and diagnostics.The Consumer segment manufactures and grocerys a range of products used in the bab y and child care, skin care, oral and wound care and womens health care fields, as well as nutritional and over-the-counter pharmaceutical products. These products, available without prescription drug, are marketed principally to the general public and sold both to wholesalers and directly to independent and mountain range retail outlets doneout the world (MarketWatch, 2006).The Pharmaceutical segment includes products in the following therapeutic areas anti-fungal, anti-infective, cardiovascular, contraceptive, dermatology, gastrointestinal, hematology, immunology, neurology, oncology, pain management, psychotropic and urology. These products are distributed directly to retailers, wholesalers and health care professionals for prescription use by the general public (MarketWatch, 2006). The Medical Devices and Diagnostics segment includes a range of products distributed to wholesalers, hospitals and retailers, used principally in the professional fields by physicians, nurses, thera pists, hospitals, diagnostic laboratories and clinics. Distribution to these health care professional markets is done both directly and through surgical lend and other dealers (MarketWatch, 2006).From the research we gather, that effective supply chain at Johnson Johnson is similar to the above scenario of trust based partnerships, which mean suppliers are working in tandem with the business for mutual benefit. It also suggests a proactive approach being taken rather than a reactiveapproach to manage logistics issues.2. Importance of Supply chain managementThe troupe and its subsidiary exchangeable Lifescan are one of the top users of collaborative product lifecycle management (PLM) solutions for the value chain. For example it uses MatrixOnes PLM environment, which set ups a secure, collaborative product development environment that will streamline product design and development across LifeScan Scotlands global operations, enabling the company to quickly and cost-effectively br ing new products to market. The deployment was prompted by the results of a Johnson Johnson study into the key product lifecycle solutions in the market. Johnson Johnson aimed to cut their product development cycle by as much as 20%. In addition, the company aims to drive improved guest satisfaction, integrate suppliers into the development process, improve visibility to design centers throughout the world, and have easy access to all vital product information. (Lifescan press release 2005 from HREF 1)Fig 1 Mutual Accountability Map between buyer Seller at Johnson Johnson (Source Slobodow, B Abdullah, O Babuschak, W C 2008p 78)Distribution CentresJohnson Johnson has finished the construction of a 440,000 square foot distribution centre in Memphis, TN to provide direct shipment of their medical products with no third party distributor involvement (Healthcare get News, 2004). In addition, Johnson Johnsons new European distribution centres for its medical devices diagnostics division in Courcelles, near Charleroi, Belgium (Janssen Pharmaceutica, 2005). In this way, the centre will increase the competitiveness of the establishment and facilitate delivery to the companys customers. Orders completed through the Johnson Johnson direct model would eliminate that distributor mark-up, providing incrementally lower procurement costs for customers. Thus, this lower pricing will be enough to entice customers to bypass the convenience of their one stop distribution relationship (Healthcare Purchasing News, 2004).The Supply Chain graph source Heizer, J. and Render, B. 2004 p 414The supply chain includes all the interactions between suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and customers. The chain includes transportation, scheduling information, cash and credit transfers, ideas, designs, and materialtransfers.Risk ManagementAccording to a report from Goldman Sachs, Johnson Johnson is requiring all of its medical products distributors to hold in to not source any Johnson Johnson products from any entity other than Johnson Johnson (Healthcare Purchasing News, 2004). It appears that the aim of this mandate is to reduce the risk of counterfeit medical products reaching end customers by forcing distributors to agree not to participate in the secondary market and to purchase only from Johnson Johnson. While over 100 distributors have signed the agreement none of the in public traded medical distributors are on Johnson Johnsons list of those who have agreed with the companys terms and signed its agreement.This decision is important be bowel movement of the clear mandate made in its job partners. According to Healthcare Purchasing News (2004) Goldman Sachs believes that Johnson Johnson products may account for as much as 14% of the hospital distribution market and Owens Minor indicates that Johnson Johnson products agree approximately 16% of total company gross revenue. However, Johnson Johnson remains an extremely important supplier for any medical products distributor whose managements are under significant insisting to come to agreement with company demands and to remain as authorized distributors (Healthcare Purchasing News, 2004).3. Operational Features reflecting common practice in supply chain management.Efficient Consumer response (ECR)It is a strategy where partners in a supply chain synchronise the product flow through the distribution pipeline from block of manufacture to point of final sale. ECR is primarily related to strategic partnerships in the distribution channels of the grocery industry to increase the writ of execution of the consumers while Johnson Johnson states two-digit turnover increases in their respective(prenominal) business segments by using it (Kotzab, 2000, p. 145).Master Cyclist PrinciplesIt is defined that how a market literate management team would approach short-run functional decisions regarding inventory, production, selling and pricing as well as more strategic choicesreg arding capital expansion, acquisitions and divestitures (Navarro, 2004, p. 19). According to Navarro (2004, p. 19) reported, Johnson Johnson cut its capital expenditures by over $100 million the archetypal decrease in seven years and as the significant cash reserves, it saw double-digit growth in both revenues and earnings.Two-Way ScorecardThe Two-Way Scorecard is a tangible means of embedding cooperation in the supplier-buyer relationship. In Johnson Johnson, supply chain performance is measured across five components execution, compliance, financial impact, new products and partnership. Furthermore, the Two-Way Scorecard has been grade into practice with strategic suppliers over the last four years. Positive results have been seen in a range of areas, from resolving potential supplier liquidity problems to addressing the inefficiencies of global trading. Several habitual pain points have eased most notably new product launches (Slobodow, Abdullah Babuschak, 2008, p.76).4. Ef fective interaction.Johnson Johnson Health Care Systems Inc. (JJHCS) uses a standard innate process for design, development, and implementation while utilizing Six Sigma and change management tools.Importance of Organizational DesignOrganizational design is important for several(prenominal) reasons. Organizational design can be a competitive tool by providing the ecesis with flexibility needed to respond to changing customer needs while bolstering organizational efficiency and effectiveness. It can create the infrastructure to enable a strategy to be implemented and provide accountability to employees by clearly demarcating the areas of ownership and control. It can also provide personal growth by creating opportunities for people to take on different and challenging roles within the same organization. Any work process in the organization can be in scope for organizational design (Yacovone, 2007, p. 105).Benefits of Organizational DesignJJHCS identified the need for an organizati onal design model and process through an sexual Six Sigma business sagacity. Six Sigma is a rigorous and disciplined methodologythat uses data and statistical analysis to measure and improve a companys operational performance by identifying and eliminating defects in manufacturing and service-related processes (Six Sigma.com cited in Yacovone, 2007, p. 106). This ensured that the customers needs and critical quality factors were the drivers of the redesign.These findings drove the development of the JJHCS organizational design framework, process, and toolkit to conduct organizational design, along with the recognition that several large change initiatives within the company were going to require significant organizational design. Additionally, the organization recognized that the human resources (HR) business partner role ask new competencies, such(prenominal) as change management and organizational design, to meet the needs of the business (Yacovone, 2007, p. 107).ResultsA key b usiness metric for accounts receivable is days sales outstanding (DSO), and this project resulted in reducing the DSO by over one day. This equates to several million dollars a day for Johnson Johnson. Also the use of the impact assessment tool resulted in robust change management plans such as communication activities, standard operating procedures, and proper training (Yacovone, 2007, p. 105).5. Issues SolutionsGrey MarketJohnson Johnsons Medical Device Diagnostics business (MDD) is one business that has faced brand risks head on and taken a proactive stance to address its current issues and mitigate future day risks from counterfeiters and related concerns. For example, According to Wald and Holleran (2007, p. 58) reported that in 2003, some doctors submitted surgical mesh to MDD that did not have the handling qualities they were used to with MDDs product.The company sent the product through its quality assurance processes for authentication and determined it was fake. This grey market is a concern because it can signal questionable third-party business practices, present a realistic avenue for counterfeit products and cause significant lost revenue. Therefore, MDD decided to take action, they asked Ernst r Young to expand the investigation to regions around the world to identify surplus risks. Finally, the studys findings were that the company had a diversion problem which involves the selling of a legitimate product in markets other thanthose for which it was intended, and it opens the door for counterfeit products to enter the supply chain (Wald Holleran, 2007, p. 58).CausesOne factor was MDDs business culture. Because Johnson Johnson is a highly decentralized business, each of its operating and regional companies was approaching grey market issues and counterfeiting with disparate brand shelter policies or strategies (Wald Holleran, 2007, p. 59). As a result, different operating companies were independently developing their own anti-counterfe iting and anti-grey market solutions. Another cause was the business design and practices. One example was that no single person or group at the MDD level was responsible for protecting MDDs brands or its products.A second example was that the companys due diligence process, which it reviewed third-party suppliers, manufacturers and distributors, was incomplete. The company also did not have a robust supply chain strategy to assess how it might negotiate standardized terms of sale such as authorized distributors, the right to audit and the right to data in jurisdictions outside the United States that allowed the sharing of such data (Wald Holleran, 2007, p. 59). The third identified cause of the companys vulnerability was a lack of information.SolutionsTo establish a system whereby MDD could manage its brand-related risk day to day, the team focused on policy design, organization design, market monitoring and enforcement which were vulnerable from a business culture, business desig n and informational perspective (Wald Holleran, 2007, p. 60). Firstly, the team developed a brand protection policy that is now being used as a guideline by MDD. The policy addresses the protection of intellectual property, accountability issues, product protection and supply chain standards, and incident reportage and enforcement protocols. Secondly, an organization was put in place throughout MDD to address brand protection across the business. The team helped to define the key resources and assign them specific roles, responsibilities and accountability.These roles include a vice president and executives responsible for product protection, supply chain management, and incident reporting and enforcement. Thirdly, for those products at highest risk, the company will develop product protection plans that include overt and covert anti-counterfeitingtechnologies and features based on their risk levels. This allows the company to consistently manage its products throughout the organiz ation, from sourcing through distribution. Finally, which also is under development, is a market-monitoring syllabus to keep tabs on the product actually being sold to consumers. Today, Johnson Johnson executives report that they are now more effectively dealing with counterfeits than ever before, which they credit to the heightened ken and new reporting policies (Wald Holleran, 2007, p. 61).ReferencesHealthcare Purchasing News 2004, Johnson Johnson launches self-distribution program, accessed 26/04/2008, http//findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BPC/is_2_28/ai_n6364792Heizer, J. and Render, B. 2004, 5th edn, Principles of Operations Management, Pearson Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.Finch BJ, Operations Now Profitability, process, performance, second Edition 2006, McGraw Hill Irwin New YorkJanssen Pharmaceutica 2005, Johnson Johnson starts building European Distribution Centre for its Medical Devices Diagnostics Division in Courcelles, Belgium, accessed 27/04/20 08, http//www.janssenpharmaceutica.be/news_headlines43_E.aspKotzab, H 2000, Managing the Grocery diligence in an Efficient Consumer Response Manner, Retail, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 145-150.Lifescan Press Release, 2005 from HREF 1 http//www.matrixone.com/matrixone/press_releases_20050208_lifescan.htmlMarketWatch 2006, Company Description, accessed 25/04/2008, http//www.marketwatch.com/tools/quotes/profile.asp?sid=2689symb=jnjsiteid=mktwNavarro, P 2004, Principles of the Master Cyclist, MIT SLOAN Management Review, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 19-24.Slobodow, B Abdullah, O Babuschak, W C 2008, When Supplier Partnerships Arent, MIT SLOAN Management Review, vol. 49, no. 2, pp.76-83.Wald, J Holleran, J 2007, Counterfeit Products and Faulty Supply Chain, Risk Management, vol. 54, iss. 4, pp. 58-61.Wikipedia 2008, Johnson Johnson, accessed 26/04/2008, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnson__JohnsonYacovone, L 2007, Organizational Design for a Supply Chain Transformation Best Practice at Johnson Johnso n Health Care Systems Inc., Organization Development Journal, vol. 25, iss. 3, pp.103-109.

Healthy People Essay Example for Free

Healthy People Essay1. What is the mission of Healthy People 2020?They pass on to identify nationwide wellness improvement priorities. They strive to increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities. They strive to provide measurable aims and goals that are applicable at the national, State, and local levels. They strive to engage multiple sectors to take action to strengthen policies and improve practices that are driven by the best available evidence and knowledge. They strive to identify captious research, evaluation, and data collection needs. 2. List five new topic areas for Healthy People 2020?Older AdultsPreparednessDiseaseSleep HealthEarly and nerve Childhood3. Select one topic area from Healthy People 2020. What is the goal of the topic? What is one objective of the topic? Why is this topic and objective important? make up public knowledge of how adequate sleep and treatment of sleep disorders improve health, productivity, wellness, quality of life, and safety on roads and in the workplace. Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation Increase the proportion of persons with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea who seek medical evaluation The topic and objective is important because we all need sleep and if we cannot sleep then we need to find outwhy we cant sleep.4. What part of the website did you find close useful?The topics and objectives5. What resources located on this website would you consider using in the future? All of them because the site is very help for everything.6. Which part of the website did you find to be the most(prenominal) interesting? The about me section cause I found what the site was about and how useful it will be.How Much Am I Actually ingest?For many people, the most difficult part about following a diet is understanding what constitutes a share size. How many servings of meat are y ou genuinely getting in that double cheeseburger? The dietary guidelines are relatively easy to follow once you establish a frame of reference for serving sizes. Do your definitions of serving size differ from those of your friends, the restaurant around the corner, or your dining hall? Do you need to make some adjustments? Learning to do so goes a long way toward helping one live a healthful life.Go to the following website to examine your visual reality about serving sizes http//www.nhlbi.nih.gov/chd/visualreality/visualreality.htm. Follow the instructions and check your visual reality. You will learn to read food labels and eventually be able to determine standard serving sizes entirely by looking at them. After completing the visual reality exercise, answer the questions below.How well did you do? Were you generally in agreement with the quiz? I did okay. Somewhat I was in agreement with the quiz.

Portrayal Of Homosexuals In Bollywood Film Industry Sociology Essay

Portrayal Of Homo verseds In Bollywood Film Industry Sociology EssayThis learning on the lore on the portrayal of homosexuals in Bollywood ikon industry was majorly chosen as homosexuals pass on al airs been a topic the queryer wants to research on. Moreover there have been several research on homosexuals laws, their societal status, their recognition in the indian lodge, their rights, etc. but there have been less study in relation of homosexuals in media that to in the Indian pack industry Bollywood. After the case and the controversies of the movie FIRE people in India have got an idea about homosexuals but they have gloss over not cut out and spoke about it or have accepted them as a fragment of their societies. Major protest, rallies have been taking place on juvenile schedules in India in different cities by these homosexual people but the society has still not stood up to answer them. India has about 2.5 million homosexuals which makes it 15-20 % of the population. that few studies conducted in relation to this topic say that homosexuals have a bad im while in the society as they atomic number 18 the minorities and they argon seen as negative people in the society. So the researcher carried with the research on the portrayal of the homosexuals in the Bollywood movies their perception in South India.If any well-educated piece of music is asked to control is sexuality towards a women he would say NO they why does the society see homosexuals al unrivalled in a different way? yet because they are minority in the society? Doesnt e precise individual have their own rights in selection of their sexuality that to from a democratic country desire us? The question that is yet to be answered is whether to start discussing these complex issues such a gays and lesbianism. Clearly the place of them in the culture is one of the central debates for decades and media agency will continue to be contested terrain for some time.Homosexuality, it is true t hat it was practiced in the ancient era and other parts of the world including few tribes of Africa where it is still practiced. But in todays world it is a know concept and practice in major parts of the countries and cities. In India on a continuous groundwork different rallys has been taking place in the major cities such as Bangalore, Mumbai, Chennai, Delhi to educate people about the group and also to seek their own rights in the society. From culture to sex everything is related to education it starts from there. Thus this topic homosexuality has been chosen by the researcher in an attempt to make the general worldly concern aware of the existing relationship between similar sexes and to help this minority to gain their basic rights.Among all the media in the mass communication field, cinema is the some powerful and a popular one. Films being the main source of entertainment in India, people of every section of the society like to watch and savour movies. The lack of alter native mode of entertainment in rural centers had resulted in the emerging cinema and it is also a cheap form of entertainment for the demoralize classes whos only other mode of entertainment is chit chatting and roaming in the streets.When cinema has the power to attract so many people in a society like us, one abide imagine the influence it has on the audience life style, but at the same time one cannot also recall the fact that the reel is similar to the real. Especially in Indian movies, cinema in a way reflects our society. It is also a form of affectionate phenomenon. picture palace makes use of all the socio-cultural beliefs and as and how situations changes the film makers also change the pattern of presenting it to the public.All these specialties of Bombay cinema makes it a powerful instrument of image and opinion construct in the minds of our society. Films are a social document and representation of reality. In the case of homosexuality there has been a lot of rea ding provided in the printed, picture and the internet but when it comes to cinema there is a separate genre called the Queer Cinema. How effectively has this genre reflected its main concern that is the homosexuality is the reason bum the selection of this topic by the researcher.Films being a great artifact of the society at these times, they have a great and deep impact on their audiences. And keeping the Indian audience in mind film has been selected to be the most allow mediums it goes across the literacy level and encompasses all sections of the Indian population society, so the silk hat medium to r for each one out to society and to come across the portrayal of homosexuality is through films especially Bollywood films.3.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYThe objective of the study is to examine the portrayal of homosexuals in the Bollywood films through both Quantitative as well as Qualitative research rules.To understand how Bollywood Films as a form of media has portray the hom osexuality?To comprehend the Perception of the Homosexuals on the Portrayal of homosexuality in the Bollywood Films?To examine the perception of media professionals and the public on the portrayal of homosexuality in Bollywood Films?3.3 operable DEFINITIONSHomosexuals they are people who attract attracted to the same sex mentally, physically and sexually.Gay/Lesbians Gay is when a man is attracted to another man mentally, physically and sexually. Lesbian is when a woman is attracted to another woman mentally, physically and sexually.LGBT Expansion lesbian, Gay, Bi-sexual, Trans gender. It is a community to help the minorities in the society.Queer culture The pattern of life, behavior, attitude, relationships of the members of society who has an alternative sexual orientation.Queer Films The movies whose central themes are ground on same-sex relationships.Homophobia Homophobia is a feeling of hatred or fear towards the homosexuals. Negative attitude towards non-heterosexual peopl e and also uncongeniality towards them.Sexual minority People in the societies who are less in get along and discriminated in accordance with their sexuality or orientation or gender identity.Perception Theprocessby which people translate sensoryimpressions into a coherent and unified view of the world around them. Though necessarily based on incomplete and unverified (or unreliable)information, perception is equated with reality for mostpracticalpurposes and guideshuman behaviorin general. (Business Dictoinary)3.4 RESEARCH DESIGNResearch is a way thinking, analyzing examining critically the various aspects of day to day professional life understanding and formulating procedures that govern a item procedure and testing it with theories for enhancement of the studies. In unsophisticated words it is one of the ways to find answer to a question. In this particular study the research is done to find out the perception of public, homosexuals and media professionals on the portrayal o f homosexuals in the Bollywood films.Research is a process of realiseing analyzing and interpreting information to answer questions (Berger, 2000)To do a research there are cardinal systemsThe Qualitative 2) The Quantitative.Qualitative research is generally conducted to know the standard the reference and the abbreviation of a particular topic. Whereas quantifiable research is done on the confirmation of a number or numeric. The researcher did both Qualitative and Quantitative study.3.4.1 Methods of data collectionMethods of Data CollectionSecondary SourcesPrimary SourcesDocumentsQuestionnaireInterviewingObservation postal service QuestionnaireParticipantStructuredCollectiveQuestionnaireUnstructuredNon-ParticipantGOVT PublicationsEarlier ResearchCensusPersonal RecordsClient HistoriesService records(Cited from Research Methodologies, Ranjit Kumar-2005, pg. 118) (Kumar, 2005)3.4.2 Quantitative ResearchDifferent researchers have Different definitions for quantitative research manners. According to Cohen and Manion (Cohen Manion, 1980), quantitative research is a social process that involves empirical rules and statements. He explains empirical statement as descriptive statement about what is the case and real world that what ought to be. Whereas, John Creswell (Creswell,1994) he defined quantitative research as a type of research that explains phenomena by collecting any numerical data that are analyzed using mathematics (in particular statics).In a quantitative project, the problem is best turn to by understanding what factors or variables influence an outcome. (Creswell, 1994)The word quantity comes from a Latin word meaning quantitas.This particular research method measures, counts, focuses and it is statistical , describes and predicts and eventually leads to hypothesis and theory. in that location are different methods of conducting quantitative research but in this particular study the researcher adopted surveying method to collect data from t he general public and to know their perception on the portrayal of homosexuality in Bollywood movies.SurveyingSurveying design provides a quantitative or numeric description of trends, attitudes, or opinions of a population by studying a sample of that population. (Cresw,1994) . A research method used to get information from particular or certain groups which represent a larger group of people who are to the interest to us. We concentrate things on what people know, what they think, they do, their attitudes, beliefs, behaviors etc. There are two kinds of surveys Descriptive surveys and Analytical surveys. Surveys collect data in two methodsInterviews or the self-administrated questionnaires. Questionnaire is a list of questions which is passed over to a large number of people and they are asked to answer it and hand it over to the senders. Interviews can be group, individual, and personal through face to face or even telephone. This method is in-expensive and it is very common. In t his method information can be attained at one time because it collects quantitative and numeric data. (Berger, 2000)Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative Research MethodsAdvantagesEnables the description of the social structure that is not directly observable.Well suitable for comparability between groups, areas, etc.None biased and Analysis is between social phenomenonWell suited for Quantitative descriptionDescription of change is applicable.DisadvantagesApplicable only for measureable phenomenaSimplifies the complex realityDifficult to study process and dynamic phenomenaDescription of perspective, meaning and intentions are difficult.3.4.3 Qualitative Research MethodQualitative research is focussed on deeper significance that the subject the researcher aspires to research one. Interpretive, naturalistic approaches to the subjects are a part of the qualitative research analysis. It gives more importance to the data collected or existing information.Qualitative researches re ly on text and image data, have preposterous steps in data analysis and draw on diverse strategies of inquiry (Creswell, 1994). There are several characteristics for qualitative research methodsIt takes place in natural setting.Uses multiple methods that are interactive and humanistic.It is emergent rather than tightly prefigured.It is fundamentally interpretive.It is via a social phenomenon.It totally depends on the participants and their biography and their information.Complex reasonings are used.Types of data collection in qualitative research methods areObservationsCompleter participantObserver as participantParticipant as perceiverComplete observerInterviewsFace to faceTelephoneGroupMailDocumentsPublic documentsPrivate documentsEmail discussionsAudiovisual materialsPhotographsVideotapesArt objectsComputer softwareFilmThe word quality is from a Latin word qualitas meaning what kind? It involves matters such as text, degree of excellence and distinguishing characteristics. The c ommon qualitative research methods areField Studies rivet GroupIn-depth interviewsCase studiesContent AnalysisIn this particular study the researcher had chosen qualitative method in which he would conduct in-depth interviews to get the perception of the homosexuals and the media professionals.In-Depth InterviewIn-depth Interview also called as Intensive interview are hybrid one to one conversation or communication. In-depth interviewing is qualitative research technique that involves conducting intense individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspective on a particular idea, programme or situation. (Boyce Neale, May 2006)Qualities of intensive interviews areSmall samplesGives a detailed background and specific answersLengthy observation of respondents.Customized to individual respondentsThe rapport between the interviewer and respondent matterProcess of conducting in-depth interview PlanDevelop InstrumentTrain Data CollectorsCollect dataAnalyze DataDisseminate Findings.Advantages and Disadvantages of in-depth interview (Boyce Neale, May 2006)AdvantagesWealth of details the method providesData is more accurate responses on sensitive issues when compared to other methods such as surveyThe rapport between the interviewer and respondent is easy to develop interoperable in natureInformation obtained through this method is virtually impossible to be obtained from other method.Defectiveness is involvedDis-advantagesGeneralization Takes place sometimes splendid to interviewer BiasSometimes problems in Data analysis3.4.4 TRIANGULATIONIt is selected a model when a researcher uses two different methods in an attempt to confirm, cross-validate or hold findings with a single study. (Greene Caracelli, 1997)Triangulation is a research method used in combination of several research methodologies in the study of the same phenomenon. In this particular research a combination of qualitative and quantitative is used for the study. This tra ditional method was originally used in social science research studies. It is an appropriate method in studying the credibility of the qualitative research analysis. It is one of the mixed method models in the research methods. This traditional model uses both quantitative as well as qualitative in balancing both the methods negatives and doing an in-depth research. The triangulation research process has different models such a convergence, Data Transformation Model, clear Quantitative Data Model, Multilevel Model. In this particular research the researcher used triangulation model to collect datas from all the groups and to validate data.In this particular study the researcher had chosen the triangulation method for a comparative analysis of the perception of the homosexuals, media professionals and the public on the portrayal of homosexuality in the Bollywood movies.-Triangulation Convergence Model (Creswell Clark, confused Method Research, 2007)QUAN-ResultsQUAN-Data AnalysisQU AN-Data CollectionInterpretation QUAL+ QUANCompareAnd ContrastQUAL Data CollectionQUAL-ResultsQUAL Data analysis-Advantages and Disadvantages of Triangulation research method (Creswell Plano Clark, 2007)AdvantagesOverall interpretation is from variety of different factors.Cross validation.Balance between methods.Well validated and sub-stantiated findings and well known for many researchers.DisadvantagesIncreased amount of time needed in comparison of both the methods data collected.Difficulty of dealing with the vast amount of data.2.5.5 SAMPLINGSampling is the tradition of metric research to develop claims that generalize across populations of people, media industries, media texts and the like. (Anderson, 2012) and so most of the research involves some method of try that enters a set of population in the research. There are basically two types of sampling prospect and Non-probability sampling.Probability Sampling It is when each one of the population has an equal or known cha nces of selection. The best of this sampling method is that every member of the population all in equal chances as in simple random sampling or known chances as inStratified random sampling. This method gives each and every individual a chance of being selected.Non-Probability Sampling This method of sampling requires more concentration and thought more than probability sampling. This method can still represent a population in the criterion basis. Every effort has to be make for the control of the sources and to avoid errors in the study. There are different types of non-probability sampling. They areConvenience Samples In this sample the analyst attempts to anticipate the arguments against its acceptance.Quota and Judgment Samples This sampling method needs to ensure that the evidence for the quota values and the judgments made is strong enough to justify their use.Panel Studies The research panel will draw out a random sample drawn according to best practices. sweet sand verbena Sampling Snowball sampling another type of non-probability sampling and a method which will be used in this particular study. Snowball sampling is when one particular participants help is finding out other participants. In simple terms it can be called as the respondent -driven sample. This method is greatly affected by the initial point of access- the one who starts the snowball. This method requires advance knowledge on the set of population thats being sampled. This particular sampling method helps in understanding the entire group of sample to be studied but it is a complex method as it is difficult for analysis and errors might take place due to communication process. The researcher adopted this method in finding out samples for the qualitative research methods to examine the perception of the homosexuals about the portrayal of homosexuality in Bollywood movies. The researcher interviewed a samples size of 10 for the in-depth interview and one extended interview that is with a sample one for the media professionals perceptions about the portrayal of homosexuality in Bollywood movies.Purposive SamplingThe purposive sampling technique, also called judgment sampling, is the deliberate choice of an viewer due to the qualities the informant possesses. ( Dolores C. Tongco, 2007) This sampling is a non-probability sampling method which does not need any of the underlying theories or set of informants. Simply put, the researcher decides what needs to be known and sets out to find people who can and are willing to provide the information by virtue of knowledge or experience (Bernard 2002, Lewis Sheppard 2006).For the quantitative method the researcher has adopted survey method with non-probability sampling i.e. purposive sampling and collected questionnaires from people in south India who has watched Bollywood movies. A sample size of one hundred fifty was collected from which the researcher got about 120 completed questionnaires. The age group concentrated wa s from the 18-30. The table below will explain the distribution of the survey method sample by age and gender. Sample will be equally distributed among the gender and age so that the analysis is not gender or age biased.Table 3.1 Distribution of respondents according sexFrequencyPer centValid Per centCumulative Per centValidfemale5949.249.249.2male6150.850.8100.0Total120100100.0Table 3.2 Distribution of Respondents by AgeFrequencyPer centValid Per centCumulative Per centValid18-224133.934.234.223-264033.133.367.527-303932.232.5100.0Total120100100.0s

Feminist Research Into Soap Opera Audiences

Feminist Research Into liquid ecstasy Opera AudiencesFeminist Research into the field of television has make a vital contri al one(a)ion by studying the genre of cleanse opera and its audiences. The understanding of the race that the genre shargon with its audiences is all important(predicate) in gaining cognition more or less why this genre has remained such a popular level, despite the continuous criticism that has been receiving from the television critics and journalists. Feminist look intoers such as Ien Ang, Dorothy Hobson, and Lesley Henderson etc focused their research of muck operas in exploring how slash opera audiences use this genre as a medium to plight into social ponders and interpret the drama in their receive ways. Rather than instruction on the text alone, they throw elaborated on how audiences incubate their perspectives in the stories. These authors have tried to put themselves in this scenario and explored the study as fans rather than just exist ence critics. As Brunsdon(1995, p.50, cited in Henderson, 2007, p.8) nones, On the one hand, at that place is a perceived incompatibility between feminism and max opera, moreover, on the other, it is arguably feminist interest that has transformed ooze opera into a very fashionable field for academic inquiry.The stupefy of this essay is to out precipitate on and the trifle of this feminists by analysing and exploring the key inventions such as active audiences, and breaking away from the allegory that welt opera audiences are passive watchers. The aim is as well as to understand why women have always been the dominant members of the scoop shovel operas. Do they enjoy this genre merely for entertainment? If no, then what understanding do they bring to lather operas? A nonher aspect that this essay touches upon is to overcritically understand whether max opera writers lack creative ability, as heap especially non soap opera viewing audience, frequently think that th e storylines of such genre are dragged and over dramatized. Lastly, it touches on the social relevance that soap operas have, a wear from just being considered as a source of melodrama and entertainment.Talking rough television is part of the everyday work culture of both men and women (p 175). Discussing storylines in the form of gossip or debate, criticizing or applauding, sympathizing with the characters and relating to incidents that unfold in reel aliveness with the authoritative lives, are some of the processes through which soap opera audiences find this genre so entertaining. disruption the myth of passive viewer unmatchable of the most crucial contributions made to the media studies by feminist researchers is the understanding of the relationship between soap operas and its audiences. The answer to the inquire why the soap opera is so popular lies in understanding the relationship it shares with its audiences. The effects that soap operas can possibly have on its vi ewing audience form the basis of their success or failure on television. Feminist researchers have time and again exhibited the importance of understanding the audience/text relationships. But, much soap opera audiences are stereotyped as passive viewers. As the term suggests, passive viewers are the ones who just blindly accept the instruction that is provided to them. There is a misconception that the members of this category do not use their aver knowledge and understanding go watching the soap operas, as they are a mathematical product of simile and fantasy. match to Hobson (2003, p.166), journalists and critics often stereotype the soap opera audiences as easily duped mass, who fall prey to the melodramatic storylines. This assumption is stated by Seiter et al too (1997, p. 162). They add that critics feel that viewers usually turn off their brain cells while watching a programme, hence losing any critical ability to judge the merits and demerits of a soap opera. They do not understand the difference between what is accepted and what is fictitious. In a recent episode of BBCs Eastenders, the bespeak tackled with the issue of cot death and baby swap. The episode was subject of a bargain of debate and criticism. Viewers termed this particular storyline as awful tragic and sensationalism, especially since it was aired during the New Years time. Joyce Epstein, director of the Foundation For The Study Of Infant Deaths (FSID) was quoted in Mailonline saying, I just hope that people realise that this is fiction, this is not real life. I would hope people can view it as something that happens on screen and is not real life. Apparently, the stage received around 5000 complaints round how the subject was so sensitive and the events were exaggerated. This means that the viewers were in fact critical of the subject and brought their avow understanding to the paper. other(prenominal) analysis of this could be that mayhap viewers always have had opinions about soaps, its just that now their opinions are more visible because more and more people are using clear tools and the consentient issue is sometimes blown out of proportion to gain the attention.A viewers interpretation of the text could be in any form a moral argument, a social debate, a group discussion or a part of everyday gossip. Through all these means, it can be said that audiences are bringing their own experiences and opinions to the try and also add their perspectives to the stories. Soap operas depend on the audience following the stories and need their audience to be loyal and watch regularly (Hobson, 2003, p.161). This exemplifies that soap operas are constantly thriving on the support of its audience, and if the audiences discontinue their support, then soaps cannot run for a long time. According to Gillespie (1996, p.13), spending time on watching soap operas is a productive way to understand how viewers consume the text, images and narratives. This thought i s also resonated by Slade, who supports the concept of active audience and asserts that viewers do not just accept a producers perspective of a particular story, add their own meaning to it through their reactions.This statement in a way contradicts the famous Hypodermic syringe model which subscribes that audiences are under the spell of media producers and that the audiences act and think according to what the media is toilsome to tell us, rather than putting your understanding to the media texts. Philip J. Hanes(2000) suggests that rather than understanding the audience/text relationships through effects model terming audience as passive viewers, it is important to focus on a new approach through Uses and Gratification model , as this model focuses on how audiences use and interpret media texts rather than focusing on what effects media has on the audiences. According to the model, audiences have specific needs and actively turn to the media to consume various texts to satisfy t hose needs (Hanes). Originally tar laboured towards women to a higher place the age of thirty, are shows like Desperate Housewives and Sex And The City. These are now widely popular amongst women in their twenties. Male viewers also enjoy these shows because of the mesmerise quotient these viewers would otherwise avoid soap operas.Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written members of an audience will have prior attitudes and beliefs which will determine how effective media messages are (Abercrombie 1996, 140, in Hanes April 2000).In her research on audience reception of American Prime time show Dallas, Ien Ang (1985, p.26) found that each of the viewers watching the show shared an exclusive relationship with its characters and storyline. This experience or bond that they feel could be a product of their intellection, their social surroundings, and their certifyground or depending on their social class and age group.Gender studies Why do women audience dominant this genre?As mentioned, soap operas heavily thrive on their viewers attention. And a large part of this audience is dominated by women. Because this genre deals with storylines and themes that are melodramatic, turned on(p), fantasy based, critics would argue that that are the reasons that soap opera producers can easily attract womens attention. But, feminists researchers believe that there are valid and important reasons as to why women love viewing these types of programmes. Undoubtedly, Soap operas are a means of entertainment, and provide the fun of viewing fictitious lives. Emotional realism, the fantasy world, melodrama are some of the reasons that evoke women to watch soap dramas but at the same time, it is important to note that female audiences bring a whole new meaning and knowledge to the soap opera viewing experience. One of the most exceptional qualities that women be possessed of (as a gender) is the ability to relate and empathize with experien ces. However, Ang(1985, p. 82) argues that the fact that women love watching soaps is not so much associated with their social surroundings, especially housewives per se and that they are inclined towards a melodramatic lifestyle. Rather she points out that women are accustomed to tackle any situation psychologically, filled with a can emotions. Hence, it becomes easier for them to identify with tragic structure of feeling inscribed in the dramas.In her work on audience reception of Crossroads, Hobson (2003, p.168) observed that women related the content of Crossroads, with their own personal lives, by relating the stories and characters with everyday lives. The problems depicted in the programme bore resemblance with the problems that they experienced. A lot Indian audiences, (again mainly women) enjoy watching soap operas because they feel that some of the situations or events in these programs teach them how to tackle family issues, since most of the dramas revolve around family lives as the main theme while rivalry, extra matrimonial affairs, form the sub themes.Another important aspect that attracts women towards soap operas is fantasy world, which offers things and experiences that one cannot experience in real life. It acts a mode of escape from a daily turn in to the world full of possibilities. Pleasure of fantasy lies in its offering the subject an opportunity to take up positions which she could not in real life.The best fashion model could be that coetaneous soap operas such as Desperate Housewives and Sex And The City (SATC) narrate the story of women who are independent, flop and charismatic, but at the same, they are shown to have their share of lifes struggles, and as expected they manage to work their way through domestic problems and family quarrels. For women viewers, such situations act as a means of forgetting their own personal problems by getting engrossed in such programmes. It gives them a chance to divert themselves from the pre ssures of their mundane life. Women form a personal bond with such characters and start imagining themselves to be like those fictitious characters. For some women, solving a domestic issue is too serious an issue, but when from a third persons point of view, they watch a TV character going through the similar situation, it tend to imagine the issue as a minor one. Moreover, apart from emotional involvement, these shows celebrate free spirited nature of womanhood by focusing attention on female friendships. In her interaction with women via group discussions on SATC, Deborah Jermyn found out that the programmes realism lay predominantly in its depiction of the womens friendships and conversation particularly within the scenes where they meet together as a group to talk.(Akass and McCabe, 2004, p.214) Moreover, the location of the show, New York, for some women, added the escapist quality to their life.However, Mary E. Brown makes a contrasting point here. She argues that soap opera s usually submit women characters as passive and powerless on one hand, and sexual objects for men on the other (Brown 1990, p. 75). She gives the examples of strong and positive women characters such as Christine Cagney from Cagney and Lacey, and Maddie Hayes from Moonlighting. The source portrays the life of two strong, independent, working women living life in a modern way. Brown stresses that such positive representation of women on soaps operas act as potential design models of its female audiences. From such a perspective, it is only logical to claim one should strive to offer positive role models by render positive images of women. (Brown, 1990, p.83).Hobson (2003, p. 178) echoes Brown views by noting that The women characters that were seen as the most popular were those who had to struggle against the vicissitudes of life. British soap operas often are based on the topic of emotional realism. They are considered to be realistic in nature. In her discussion on English so ap operas, Hobson found out that women audiences felt that the female characters in the show held strong popularity because they had the ability to cope with difficulties. Such qualities, as per Hobson are considered as admirable (Hobson 2003, p.178). Many of the characters in the series Coronation Street and Crossroads were women who themselves had to sojourn problems in their everyday lives, and the resolution or negotiation of these problems within the drama provided point of recognition and identification for the women viewers(167-68)Gender studies play a vital role in understanding how different members (male or female) of audiences think about a particular soap drama. It has been mentioned above how women have the ability to relate to the fiction and bring their own meanings to the soaps. Women, especially housewives who are considered as the prime targets of this genre, generally find this medium to get away from their mundane domestic life. Hence, they switch on to soap ope ras and watch stories of women who either have better or worse lives than theirs. It gives them a reason to escape from their own surroundings for a while. Men, on the hand, ideally select entertainment. They think that soap operas are dramatized beyond belief. They believe that soaps are generally slow and even a little fictitious incident in them is dragged and hyped. Moreover, they cannot be bothered to watch every episode of the show. In gip, they are not brought to think emotionally as women usually do.This is an argument put forward by some theorists that identity of a soap opera viewer is inscribed in the soap itself. Soap operas identity is most dominant by women viewers. The competences unavoidable for reading soap opera are most likely to have been acquired by those persons heathenly constructed through discourses of femininity. (Morley, 1992, p.129 cited in Chandler, 1994).Death of creative writing? due(p) to the qualities that soap operas inherit exaggerated storylin es, melodramatic imagination, tragic structure of feeling, emotional realism, escapism, it is often assumed that they tend to lack creativity and originality in terms of writing. In the recent years, there has been an increase in number of soap operas that are being produced. This might give television critics a reason to think that soap operas have nothing new to offer to its audiences, except stretched storylines and themes. This genre is originally meant to provide entertainment and the reason that it is successful in doing so, is because its audience loves it. They love being a part of writers fictitious world and then, also have the advantage of bringing their own endings or beginnings to these soaps. Moreover, it should be noted that the makers of such soap operas often take examples from real life events and situations and then play them out by adding drama and fiction to it.More importantly, the issues that formed the basis of stories were those which were important and rele vant at the time when they were conceived and had a place within the planned storylines (Hobson 2003, p. 201). Since, they cater to a vast amount of audiences, it is impossible to the soap producers to not be reflective and not tackle the everyday issues. In a recent episode of BBCs Eastenders, the show tackled with the issue of cot death and baby swap. The episode was subject of a lot of debate and criticism. Viewers termed this particular storyline as awful tragic and sensationalism, especially since it was aired during the New Years time. The example that is previously mentioned about Eastenders, also to a certain extent implies that soap opera storylines do take instances from real life events. Another quote by Joyce Epstein, (FSID) saying, I would hope people can view it as something that happens on screen and is not real life. However, she did say that, But cot death does happen (Thompson, 2011). This shows that scriptwriters do take instances from real life or issues that aff ect people and played them out on screen. Rather than saying that soap opera writers lack creativity, it should be said that they possess reflectivity, the tendency to reflect their views through dramas, while keeping in mind its relevance. As Henderson notes, Creeber challenges the perception of a decline in quality programming and argues that we should not lament the death of the single play but should instead celebrate the generic hybridity of television drama (Creeber, 2004, p.15, cited in Henderson, 2007, p.15).A T.V drama writer has the whole world of imagination to choose from, (Henderson, 2007, p. 9). They have the gift to experiment with the storylines, introduce new characters from time to time, bring mini climaxes and dramatize cliff hanging moments. The Eastender example manage to grab the eye balls apart from becoming a topic of debate, and both these points work in the favour of the show, because it keeps the audiences hooked and possibly also get the attention of view ers who are not regular watchers. According to Henderson, 2007 (p. 168), the production team behind the working of soap operas most often bring their own experiences to the show, hence acting as surrogate audience. Hendersons thoughts are echoed by Hobson as well. Hobson argues that the biggest advantage soap operas have as compared to other genres is that this genre has the scope to engage the audiences by exploring the events based on daily lives. Soap opera writers stay true to their audiences by showing their high creative ability to adapt real life situations rather than manipulate them.The repetitive nature of soaps, with its core of established characters, may also allow a level of identification and empathy which is impossible to reprise in other fictional forms. (For example, the single play) p 174 h)Ang states a rather different view on this. She asserts that exaggerated plots and themes function as metaphors for lifes torments.(Ang, 1982, p.63) She adds that this should mean that there is a lack of creativity or originality in the soap operas as critics who opine this ignores the structural function that lays this genre. The repetitive nature of soaps acts as metaphors for lifes torments in our culture, dissertation directly to the imagination of the public.(Ang, 1982, p.64).An exploration of the important issues in everyday life, the soap opera provides a set of representations which can be seen as vibrant reflections of reality. They work because they reflect important issues and they connect with the experiences of the audience unless they make that connection they will not succeed. After all, shows like Eastenders have always talked issues such as teen pregnancy, issues related to drugs, suicides and extra marital affairs.Social relevanceLesley Hendersons research in the field of television fiction stresses on the argument that television fiction is not simply is a site of pleasure but it also is a site of definitional power (Henderson, 2007, p.8). She also adds that Soap opera has emerged as a ar consecrate within which controversial or socially sensitive issues are played out (Henderson, 2007, p 12). As soap operas cater to a wide range of audiences across the world, it becomes important for the broadcasters to own up a moral responsibility by imparting social tuition to the audiences, apart from just entertainment. When producers realised that the audiences were lento getting alienated from family dramas, they shifted their focus on socially relevant issues like Child marriage, eve teasing, female infanticide and other important issues and incorporated them into stories. Soon, the television fiction saw a huge change in the way soap operas were earlier perceived. Women, Men and children and elders, everyone started watching soap operas again and applauded the creative teams for talking about issues that were long ignored.Television fiction has largely been studied as a site of entertainment and pleasure despite it s importance in relaying social meanings and cultural forms (Grispurd 1995, p.21, cited in Henderson, 2007, p.7). A recent T.V drama, Nivedita, talks about the issues of HIV/AIDS. Inspired from education oriented soaps operas produced in South America, this soap opera follows the route of education as entertainment, as described by its makers. Its a 26 episode series and at the end of episode, viewers get to see a short message on HIV/AIDS sensitiveness by celebrities. In a developing country like India, where HIV/AIDS epidemic is one of the major concerns, a soap opera like Nivedita is a good way to educate the audiences about the epidemic. Besides, in India, television and film actors are considered as demi gods, whatever they do, good or bad, audiences keenly observe them. According to marketing strategy followed by media owners, incorporating a social message as a part of storyline is an effective tools because viewers relate to them in a better way (Pain, October 2010). The se cret is to make sure that the drama remains recognisably real while subtly redefining reality in such a way as to alter perceptions of what is normal and good (Carlin 2003 in Henderson, 2007,, 2007, p.18-19). The fictional soap operas and the situational comedies give us an impersonal way to begin a debate about moral issues. (Slade, 2000, p. 424)Slade(2000, p.422-423) provides an example of Mirada de Mujer, a Mexican high quality telenova. Based on the life a women character Marie- Inss, this soap opera dealt with controversial themes such as AIDS, unwanted pregnancy and extra marital affair. It became a topic of debate not only in domestic sphere but also in the Mexican press. The life events of this central character were a constant topic of debate among Mexican household. Thus, this telenova was successful in generating enough controversy and encouraging people as well members of the audiences in participating in social debates.But, in order to be a success in terms of attractin g the audiences, such soap operas need to thoroughly understand the audiences needs as well. The producers of soap operas that deal with a certain social message need to make sure that the message is clearly put across to the audience, for them to continue watching the show. (Henderson, 2007, p.19) They should avoid making the drama look like a documentary or a commentary. Contemporary soap operas audiences feel the need to be entertained with every scene. Hence, a right balance of entertainment and seriousness is a must for such a soap drama.How is this genre different from other dramas?Unlike some of the other genres such as crime, the format of soap opera is not meant to be full of doubt, where the audiences are supposed to tune in everyday to see the suspense unfold, rather this genre is a product of a long, slow, and complex fiction which becomes successful in engaging the audiences, as they are tempted to know more about the storyline and characters. According to Ang (1982, p. 57), even as the theme is recurring and repetitive, it works in the favour of the audience, as they start viewing the show not as an outsider but as one of members of that show. aUnlike a talk show, where audiences are just made sit and watch two people converse, in soap operas, the main theme is constructed in a way that it seems never ending. Life in a soap opera is full of troubles crime, rape, burglary, extra marital affairs.The French semiologist Violette Morin points out, for example, that the popularity of the television serial could derive from the fact that the life depicted in it seems to proceed more slowly than real life. (Morin cited in Ang, 1982, p.81) This could mean that in todays contemporary society, where people have to just rush through moment, due to time constraints, they till crave for a life in slow motion. A midget incident in a soap drama stretches for minutes, sometimes days, hence bringing a melodramatic meaning to audiences life, which they normally do not experience. The long-acting they run the more impossible it seems to imagine them ending.(Geraghty, 1991, p. 11, cited in Chandler, 2004)Conclusion Undoubtedly, as Charlotte Brunsdon put it, soap operas today have become a subject of galore(postnominal) syllabuses, rather than being considered merely an object of ridicule. enchantment it has been mentioned that audience engage and contribute their understanding in the viewing of soap operas, it should also be kept in mind the judgment of this knowledge and comprehensive study largely depends on a viewers own awareness of culture and experiences, meaning that a particular story or a scene in a soap, could possibly have different meanings. It can also be concluded that soap operas take the process of communication beyond the experience of television viewing itself, in the form of social debates, imitating the fictional characters and their lives. Through the analysis of Angs work, it can be said that soap opera audiences rela te to the metaphors that storylines often depict and this is study is relatable to contemporary soap opera audiences as well. The pleasure of watching a soap lies in its exaggerated plots, emotional sufferings and cliff hanging plots. The experience of watching a soap drama is very personal too, because everything is told from a personal viewpoint.Another assumption that can be disrupted from the research on Active audience is that contemporary soap opera audiences have become smart and aware of that content they are watching. They can no longer be fooled by the programme markers. That means, even programme makers have to deal with certain challenged to keep the viewers engaged. So, it is a possibility that in an effort to keep the audiences glued to the drama, producers today resort to techniques such as over dramatizing the events, sensational stories, spreading true or false link up stories of their TV actors in media, because today since news spread really quickly, owing to the internet and hence, such means help the producers in grabbing eyeballs. After all, any publicity is considered to be good for such shows.Lastly, it is important to understand that soap operas were originally meant to offer a company to housewives, who fitted their daily routine work around soaps. A domestic life of any person is filled with all kinds of emotions. These are used as metaphors to depict situations and events in soaps. While it is a valid argument that emotions are portrayed in extreme ways of melodrama, it cannot be denied that these metaphors are sourced from real life events, more or less. unconnected from providing entertainment to their audience, a soap opera producer also holds the responsibility to regular be reminded of their social responsibility as a broadcaster. Critics, who view soap operas as merely a source of repetitive pleasure, need to understand that socially relevant themes can also act as means of pleasure for the audiences. After all, bringing up s ocially relevant issues too form a source of moral debate in the contemporary society.But when what has happened in the last thirty years or so is, a strange restructuring of presenting women on screen. This point is most valid with context to contemporary shows such as SATC and Desperate Housewives. While it has been pointed out that such shows celebrate the true spirit of women, but at the same time, shows trivialises the female condition by making them into funds hungry, male craving pieces of physicality. A valid query could be do they want anything else? is the changing the attitude of the people or are people forcing their opinions onto shows? Similarly, another stereotypical notion arises when one views Indian TV soaps, where the traditional housewife is shown as the positive role model while the sexy modern thinking woman is the vamp. The strange aspect of this is that these stereotypes are still prevalent somehow these facts are overlooked by audiences because of the popul arity this genre holds.Lastly, the reason that audiences keep coming back to their favourite soap operas each and every day lies in the fact that they not only do they relate to the storylines and characters but it is the personal experiences and memories that these soaps show which intensifies their relationship with this genre, because they feel that they have been through such situations at some point of time.As Hobson (2003, p.202) puts it, The future of soap opera of intricately interwoven with the power and longing of the audience.

Test case prioritization and regression test selection

visitation baptistery prioritization and reversion show weft1. introductionThe signifi lotce of softw atomic anatomy 18 computer programme jackpotvass process and its affects on package quality cannot be taken too lightly. software interrogatory is a fundamental component of software quality assurance and represents a review of judicial admission, design and coding. The greater profile of software systems and the cost associated with software failure are motivating featureors for planning, through exam.A number of rules that act as examening objectives are* proveing is a process of executing a program with the aim of finding errors.* A good running case will have a good circumstances of finding an undiscovered error.* A successful footraceify case uncovers a red-hot error.Software maintenance is an activity, which includes enhancements, error corrections, optimization and deletion of obsolete capabilities. These modifications in the software may cause the so ftware to work incorrectly and may affect the other parts of the software, as developers maintain a software system, they sporadi accosty relapse show it, hoping to find errors cause by their changes. To do this, developers often create an initial quiz rooms, and and so reuse it for regression screen outing. Regression demonstrateing is an high-ticket(prenominal) maintenance process directed at validating circumscribed software. Regression Test picking proficiencys attempt to reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting tests from a programs liveing test rooms.The simplest regression testing method, retest all, it is one of the conventional methods for regression testing in which all the tests in the existing test retinue are re-run. This method, however, is very high-priced and may require an unacceptable amount of epoch to execute all tests in test rooms. An alternative method, regression test selection, transmits only a sub frozen of the initial test suite . In this technique instead of rerunning the whole test suite, we select a part of test suite to rerun if the cost of selecting a part of test suite is little than the cost of running the tests that regression test selection allows us to exclude. Of course, this approach is unsatisfactory as well test selection techniques can have significant costs, and can abandon tests that could disclose dishonors, possibly reducing time out detection effectiveness. 1To reduce the time and cost during on testing process, another approach, Test sheaths Prioritization in a testing procedure can be favorable for engineers and customers. In Test sheath Prioritization techniques, test cases are executed in such a way, that maximum objective function like rate of fault detection can be achieved.In section 2 of this paper, we have described different types of Regression Test Selection techniques and we discussed various categories of these types point out by various authors then moving into the de tails of selective and prioritizing test cases for regression testing.In this section, we also describe several techniques for prioritizing test cases and we assess their ability to improve rate of fault detection, according to various authors. In the next section, we in grouchy describe the Regression Test Selection techniques and Test Case Prioritization problems. Subsequent sections present our depth psychology and conclusions 2. Regression testingDuring a software ripening life cycle, regression testing may start in development phase of system subsequently the detection and correction of errors in a program. Many modifications may occur during the maintenance phase where the software system is corrected, updated and fine-tuned.There are three types of modifications, from each one arising from different types of maintenance. fit in to 2, corrective maintenance, commonly called fixes, involves correcting software failures, performance failures, and implementation failures in order to keep the system working properly. Adapting the system in result to changing data requirements or processing environments constitutes adaptive maintenance. Finally, perfect maintenance covers any enhancements to improve the system processing efficiency or maintainability.Based on of modification of judicial admission authors identify two type of regression testing, Progressive regression testing involves a modified specification. In corrective regression testing, the specification does not change.Corrective regression testingProgressive regression testing* Specification is not changed* Involves minor modification to code (e.g., adding and deleting statements)* Usually done during development and corrective maintenance* Many test cases can be reused* Invoked at irregular intervals* Specification is changed* Involves major modification (e.g., adding and deleting mental facultys)* Usually done during adaptive and perfective maintenance* Fewer test cases can be reused* Invo ked at regular intervalsTable 1 Differences among Corrective and Progressive Regression TestingAccording to 2, table 1 lists the major differences between corrective and progressive regression testing. Regression testing is defined 3 as the process of retesting the modified parts of the software and ensuring that no modern errors have been introduced into previously tested code.There are various regression testing techniques as given by various researchers are (I) Retest all, (II) Regression Test Selection and (III) Test Case Prioritization. Retest-All Technique reuses all tests existing in test suite. It is very expensive as compared to other techniques. In this report our main focus on Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization.Let P be a procedure or program, let P be a modified version of P, and let T be a test suite for P. A typical regression test proceeds as follows1. Select T C T, a set of tests to execute on P.2. Test P with T, establishing Ps correctness with honour to T. 3. If necessary, create T, a set of vernal functional or structural tests for P.4. Test P with T, establishing Ps correctness with respect to T.5. Create T, a new test suite and test history for P, from T, T, and T.Although each of these steps involves important problems, in this report we restrict our attention to step 1 which involves the Regression Test Selection problem.2.1. REGRESSION TEST SELECTION Regression Test Selection technique is less expensive as compare to retest all technique. Regression Test Selection techniques reduce the cost of regression testing by selecting a subset of an existing test suite to use in retesting a modified program. A variety of regression test selection techniques have been describing in the research literature. Authors 1 describe several families of techniques we consider five most common approaches often used in practice.1) Minimization Techniques These techniques attempt to select minimal sets of tests from T that yield report age of modified or affected portions of P. One such technique requires that all(prenominal) program statement added to or modified for P be executed (if possible) by at least one test in T.2) Safe Techniques These techniques select, chthonic certain conditions, every test in T that can expose one or to a greater extent faults in P. One such technique selects every test in T that, when executed on P, maintaind at least one statement that has been deleted from P, or at least one statement that is new in or modified for P.3) Dataflow-Coverage-Based Techniques These techniques select tests that exercise data interactions that have been affected by modifications. One such technique selects every test in T that, when executed on P, exercised at least one definition use pair that has been deleted from P, or at least one definition-use pair that has been modified for P.4) Ad Hoc / Random TechniquesWhen time constraints prohibit the use of a retest-all approach, but no test selection tool is available, developers often select tests based on hunches, or loose associations of tests with functionality. One simple technique randomly selects a predetermined number of tests from T.5) Retest-All Technique This technique reuses all existing tests. To test P, the technique selects all tests in T.According to 3, Test Selection techniques are broadly classified into three categories. 1) Coverage techniques These consider the test reportage criteria. These find coverable program parts that have been modified and select test cases that work on these parts. 2) Minimization techniques These are similar to coverage techniques except that they select minimum set of test cases. 3) Safe techniques These do not focus on criteria of coverage, in contrast they select all those test cases that produce different output with a modified program as compared to its original version.Regression test selection identifies the negative impact of modifications employ to software artifacts throughou t their life cycle. In traditionalistic approaches, code is modified directly, so code-based selective regression testing is used to identify negative impact of modifications. In model-centric approaches, modifications are first done to models, rather than to code. Consequently, the negative impact to software quality should be identified by means of selective model-based regression testing. To date, most automated model based testing approaches focus primarily on automating test generation, execution, and evaluation, while support for model-based regression test selection is limited 4.Code-based regression test selection techniques assume specification immutability, while model-based techniques select abstract test cases based on models modifications. Thus, in model based Regression Test Selection techniques, the existing test suite can be classified into following three main types 1) Reusable test cases Reusable test cases are test cases from the original test suite that are not obsolete or re-testable. Hence, these test cases do not need to be re-executed.2) Re-testable test cases Test cases are re-testable if they are non-obsolete (model-based) test case and they traverse modified model elements.3) Obsolete test cases Test cases are obsolete if their input had been modified. Regression Test Selection techniques may create new test cases that test the program for areas which are not covered by the existing test cases.Model based Regression test suite selection that utilizes Unified Modeling Language (UML) based Use Case Activity Diagrams (UCAD). The activity diagrams are commonly employed as a graphical delegacy of the behavioral activities of a software system. It represents the functional behavior of a given use case. With behavior slicing we can built our activity diagram. This diagram gives us qualitative regression tests. Using behavior slicing each use case divided into a set of unit of behavior where each unit of behavior represents a user action .5An activity diagram has mostly six lymph glands1. Initial node 2. User Action node3. System Processing node4. System Output node5. Condition node6. Final node2.3. TEST CASE PRIORITIZATIONThe main purpose of test case prioritization is to rank test cases execution order to detect fault as early as possible. There are two benefits brought by prioritization technique. First, it provides a way to find more bugs chthonic resource constraint condition and thus improves the revealed earlier engineers have more time to fix these bugs 6.Zengkai Ma and Jianjun Zhao 6 propose a new prioritization exponent called testing-importance of module (TIM), which combines two prioritization factors fault proneness and importance of module. The main advantages of this prioritization approach are twofold. First, the TIM entertain can be evaluated by analyzing program structure (e.g., call graph) alone and it also can be evaluated by incorporating program structure information and other available data (e.g., source code changes). Therefore, this approach can be applied to not only regression testing but also non-regression testing. Second, through analyzing program structure, we can build a mapping between fault severity and fault location. Those test cases covering important part of system will be assigned high anteriority and executed first.As a result, the severe faults are revealed earlier and the system becomes reliable at fast rate. The main contributions of authors 6 are* They propose a new approach to evaluate the testing importance for modules in system by combining analysis of fault proneness and module importance.* They develop a test case prioritization technique, which can provide test cases priority result by handling multiple information (e.g., program structure information, source code changes) and can be applied to both new genuine software testing and regression testing.* They implement Apros, a tool for test case prioritization based on the proposed technique , and perform an experimental study on their approach. The result suggests that Apros is a promising solution to improve the rate of severe faults detection.Authors consider a sample system, which consists of six modules M1-M6 and there exist almost call relationships between each module. A test suite includes six test cases T1-T6 that covers the M1-M6 respectively. Some modules are dependent on each other. They are finding fault proneness and fault severity by using TIM from this system. They conclude the prioritization result (T3, T6, T4, T2, T5, and T1) on the bases of analyzing structure of system. For calculating this result they had positive some formulas and equation. 6 They also did some experiment with two Java programs along JUnit test cases xml-security and jtopas. They select three sequential versions of the two java programs and apply newly developed software testing and the regression testing. They perform some experiment for finding fault proneness and severe fault . They also introduce the importance of any module using weight fact. Authors 7 explore value-driven approach to prioritizing software system test with the objective of improving user-perceived software quality. Software testing is a strenuous and expensive process. Research has shown that at least 50% of the total software cost is comprised of testing activities.They conclude that, their approach of prioritization of test cases is work effectively with regression and non-regression testing by analyzing the program structure.They make a reach on prior TCP which have two goals (1) to improve customer confidence on software quality in a cost effective way and (2) to improve the rate of detection of severe faults during system- direct testing of new code and regression testing of existing code. They present a value-driven approach to system-level test case prioritization called the Prioritization of Requirements for Test (PORT). PORT based on following four factors.1) Requirements vola tility Is based on the number of times a requirement has been changed during the development cycle.2) Customer priorityIs a measure of the importance of a requirement to the customer?3) Implementation complexity Is a subjective measure of how difficult the development team perceives the implementation of requirement to be.4) Fault proneness Of requirements (FP) allows the development team to identify the requirements which have had customer-reported failures.They subscribe in research paper, Prioritization of Requirement Test (PORT) has great impact on finding severe fault at system level. They are emphasis on Customer priority in TCP for improve the fault detection.Today software industries are working on neutral manner. They set neutral value to all requirements use cases, test cases and defects. To improve the customer satisfactions in software engineering world they are presenting a value-driven approach for system level testing. In these days Regression Test Case Prioritizati on techniques use structural coverage criteria to select the test cases. They are leading their ideas from structure level to code level TCP for both new and Regression tests.This Paper has two main objectives 1). Find severe faults earlier 2). Improve customer confidence on particular system.Researchers describe several techniques 8 for prioritizing test cases and they empirically evaluate their ability to improve rate of fault detectiona measure of how quickly faults are discover within the testing process. An improved rate of fault detection during regression testing can provide earlier feedback on a system under regression test and let developers begin debugging and correcting faults earlier than might otherwise is possible.Their results indicate that test case prioritization can significantly improve the rate of fault detection of test suites.Furthermore, their results highlight tradeoffs between various prioritization techniques. Test case prioritization can address a wide va riety of objectives. In practice, and depending upon the choice of objective, the test case prioritization problem may be intractable objectives, an efficient solution to the problem would provide an efficient solution to the knapsack problem 8. Authors consider nightspot different test case prioritization techniques.T1 No prioritization One prioritization technique that authors consider is simply the application of no technique this lets us consider untreated test suites.T2 Random prioritizationRandom prioritization in which authors randomly order the tests in a test suite.T3 Optimal prioritizationAn optimal ordering of test cases in a test suite for maximizing that suites rate of fault detection. In practice, of course, this is not a practical technique, as it requires knowledge of which test cases will expose which faults.T4 Total appendage coverage prioritizationWe can determine, for any test case, the number of decisions ( beginninges) in that program that were exercised by t hat test case. We can prioritize these test cases according to the total number of disseveres they cover simply by sorting them in order of total branch coverage achieved.T5 Additional branch coverage prioritizationTotal branch coverage prioritization schedules test cases in the order of total coverage achieved. However, having executed a test case and covered certain branches, more may be gained in subsequent test cases by covering branches that have not yet been covered. Additional branch coverage prioritization iteratively selects a test case that yields the greatest branch coverage.T6 Total fault-exposing-potential prioritizationStatement- and branch-coverage-based prioritization consider only whether a statement or branch has been exercised by a test case. This consideration may mask a fact about test cases and faults the ability of a fault to be exposed by a test case depends not only on whether the test case reaches (executes) a faulty statement, but also, on the probability that a fault in that statement will cause a failure for that test case. Although any practical determination of this probability must be an approximation, we wished to determine whether the use of such an approximation could yield a prioritization technique superior in terms of rate of fault detection than techniques based on simple code coverage.T7Additional fault-exposing-potential (FEP) prioritizationAnalogous to the extensions made to total branch (or statement) coverage prioritization to excess branch (or statement) coverage prioritization, we extend total FEP prioritization to create additional fault-exposing-potential (FEP) prioritization. This lets us account for the fact that additional executions of a statement may be less valuable than initial executions. In additional FEP prioritization, after selecting a test case t, we lower the award values for all other test cases that exercise statements exercised by t.T8 Total statement coverage prioritizationTotal statement cover age prioritization is the same as total branch coverage prioritization, except that test coverage is measured in terms of program statements rather than decisions.T9 Additional statement coverage prioritizationAdditional statement coverage prioritization is the same as additional branch coverage prioritization, except that test coverage is measured in terms of program statements rather than decisions. With this technique too, we require a method for prioritizing the remaining test cases after complete coverage has been achieved, and in this work, we do this using total statement coverage prioritization.2.3.1. Search Algorithms for Test Case PrioritizationThere are galore(postnominal) search techniques for test case prioritization, which are being developed and unfolded by various researchers in the field. 1) Greedy algorithm Works on the next outmatch search philosophy. It 9 minimizes the estimated cost to reach a particular goal. Its advantage is that it is cheap in both executio n time and implementation. The cost of this prioritization is O(mn) for program containing m statements and test suite containing n test cases. 2) Additional Greedy algorithm This algorithm 9 uses the feedback from previous selections. It selects the maximum weight element from the part that is not already consumed by previously selected elements. Once the complete coverage is achieved, the remaining test cases are prioritized by reapplying the Additional Greedy algorithm. The cost of this prioritization is O(mn2) for program containing m statements and test suite containing n test cases. 3) Hill Climbing It is one of the popular local search algorithms with two variations steepest ascent and next best ascent. It is very easy and trashy to execute. However, this has cons of dividing O(n2) neighbors and is unlikely to scale. Steps of algorithm are explained in 9.4) Genetic Algorithms (GAs) Is a search technique 9 based on the Darwins theory of survival of the fit test? The populatio n is a set of randomly generated individuals. Each individual is representing by variables/parameters called genes or chromosomes. The basic steps of Genetic Algorithm are (1) Encoding (2) Selection (3) Cross over (4) Mutation. 3. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we discussed about Regression test selection and Test Case Prioritization Selection. Regression testing is a musical mode of testing that focuses on retesting after changes are made. In traditional regression testing, we reuse the same tests (the regression tests). In risk-oriented regression testing, we check the same module functionality as before, but we use different tests. Any test can be reused, and so any test can become a regression test. Regression testing naturally combines with all other test techniques. Therefore we use Test Case Prioritization technique inside Regression Testing. Test prioritization makes chant our regression testing for finding more severe fault in earlier stages. In this paper we discussed about dif ferent factor of prioritization. Customer priority has a great impact on PORT. Our view about both test case selection is, First version of test suite which developed by developer should have concrete test cases. Also at the same stage we should perform some prioritization. With earlier prioritization of test cases we can reduce our cost, time, campaign and maximize customer satisfaction4. References1 Todd L. Graves, Mary Jean Harrold, Jung-Min Kim, Adam Porters, Gregg Rothermel, An Empirical Study of Regression Test Selection Techniques, Proceedings of the 1998 (20th) International Conference on Software Engineering, 19-25 April 1998 Page(s)188 197.2 Leung, H.K.N., White, L., Insights into Regression Testing, Proceedings., Conference on Software Maintenance,16-19 Oct. 1989 Page(s)60 69.3 K.K.Aggarwal Yogesh Singh, Software Engineering Programs Documentation, Operating Procedures, New Age International Publishers, Revised Second adaptation 2005.4 Naslavsky L., Ziv H., Richards on D.J., A Model-Based Regression Test Selection Technique, ICSM 2009. IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, 20-26 Sept. 2009 Page(s)515 518.5 Gorthi R.P., Pasala A., Chanduka K.K.P., Leong, B., Specification-Based Approach to Select Regression Test Suite to Validate 6 Changed Software, APSEC 08. fifteenth Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, 3-5 Dec. 2008, Page(s)153 1607 Zengkai Ma, Jianjun Zhao, Test Case Prioritization based on Analysis of Program Structure, APSEC 08. 15th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, 3-5 Dec. 2008, Page(s)471 4788 Srikanth H., Williams L., Osborne J., System Test Case Prioritization of New and Regression Test Cases, 2005 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering, 17-18 Nov. 2005, Page(s)10 pp.9 Rothermel G., Untch R.H., Chengyun Chu, Harrold M.J., Test Case Prioritization An Empirical Study, (ICSM 99) Proceedings. IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance, 30 Aug.-3 Sept. 1999, Page(s)179 18810 Zheng Li, Mark Harman, and Robert M. Hierons, Search algorithms for regression test case prioritization, IEEE Trans. On Software Engineering, vol 33, no.4, April 2007.

Classroom Management Essays -- Education Teaching

Introduction Structure, praise, humor, firmness, patience, and high expectations Welcome to the wonderful world of the classroom atmosphere. Imagine yourself in a classroom where your instructor is there for you, both(prenominal) academician tout ensembley and emotionally. Thats how a classroom should work for both the students and the teacher. Mrs. Mary-Kay Maurer is a perfect example of all of these qualities since she is what has motivated me to become the person I am. Her stand out as a teacher led me as a student to achieve my highest. Her way of covering me my way thos the idea that students need a teacher with these characteristics to achieve their best. Therefore, the purpose of this research paper is to explore effective classroom management techniques that prepare the academic achievement of students. Support from teachersA strong teacher makes the emphasis on the students. Teachers make sure they do this by making time for their students, which means having in the flesh(predicate) meetings with them. When teachers use their own time to help students, it further shows how supportive teachers are. When students know they can depend on a teacher, the students then feel more gentle in their learning situation and go forth be more likely succeed. To further emphasize this support of teachers to students, many teachers use a method of Praise, Question, goal which helps to critique students on a comfortable basis. By using this method, students also learn to become more independent when teachers show them, gradually, that students will learn to spare better with the ease of criticism. Also, when teachers use academic guidance, students will regard to continue their education which is the best reward a teacher can have, knowing their students want ... ...est of the class. Remember Structure and fairness combined with effloresce expectations and a clear lesson in a caring non-threatening environment are the key elements of good educational ac tivity (Husted, 2002). Conclusion Teaching todays children aright is essential since these children will grow to be productive people of society. Depending on a teachers style, a child could grow and look at problems differently than just being apathetic or so a situation. When a teacher has an impact on a student, it lasts a life, just like Mrs. Mary-Kay Maurer did with her students. She taught them about English but still let them see how independent they were and let them grow into adults. Todays teachers need to be more open-minded with students and digit a bond with them. This way, students will appreciate what these teachers are doing for them in the long run of their lives. Classroom oversight Essays -- Education TeachingIntroduction Structure, praise, humor, firmness, patience, and high expectations Welcome to the wonderful world of the classroom atmosphere. Imagine yourself in a classroom where your teacher is there for you, both academically and emot ionally. Thats how a classroom should work for both the students and the teacher. Mrs. Mary-Kay Maurer is a perfect example of all of these qualities since she is what has motivated me to become the person I am. Her support as a teacher led me as a student to achieve my highest. Her way of showing me my way furthers the idea that students need a teacher with these characteristics to achieve their best. Therefore, the purpose of this research paper is to explore effective classroom management techniques that prepare the academic achievement of students. Support from teachersA strong teacher makes the emphasis on the students. Teachers make sure they do this by making time for their students, which means having personal meetings with them. When teachers use their own time to help students, it further shows how supportive teachers are. When students know they can depend on a teacher, the students then feel more comfortable in their learning situation and will be more likely succeed. T o further emphasize this support of teachers to students, many teachers use a method of Praise, Question, Polish which helps to critique students on a comfortable basis. By using this method, students also learn to become more independent when teachers show them, gradually, that students will learn to write better with the ease of criticism. Also, when teachers use academic guidance, students will want to continue their education which is the best reward a teacher can have, knowing their students want ... ...est of the class. Remember Structure and fairness combined with clear expectations and a clear lesson in a caring non-threatening environment are the key elements of good teaching (Husted, 2002). Conclusion Teaching todays children correctly is essential since these children will grow to be productive people of society. Depending on a teachers style, a child could grow and look at problems differently than just being apathetic about a situation. When a teacher has an impact on a student, it lasts a life, just like Mrs. Mary-Kay Maurer did with her students. She taught them about English but still let them see how independent they were and let them grow into adults. Todays teachers need to be more open-minded with students and form a bond with them. This way, students will appreciate what these teachers are doing for them in the long run of their lives.

The Use of Oils in Sacraments Essay -- Bible Christianity Sacrament Ri

The Use of Oils in SacramentsGo, then, to all peoples everywhere and make them my disciples name them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit Many of the sacraments that are celebrated today involve the use of oil. Baptism and confirmation are the two rule sacraments involving oils. In the Church liturgies, the actual mutual oppositionificance of oil is often not known (or at least not fully) to the members of the parish faith community. This paper will psychoanalyse the meaning of oil, the sacraments in which it is apply, and prayers associated with it.There are three oils that are used in various sacraments Chrism, Oil of Infirm, and the Oil of the Sick. The three oils are all equally important however, an emphasis of sorts has been placed on the Sacred Chrism and the Oil of Infirm. The first sacrament, which will be examined, is baptism. The sacrament of baptism is most commonly associated with newborn children. The newborns (or adults) are new members of th e Church, and new members of the Body of Christ. As with any sacrament, there is a standard procedure to follow when the sacrament is administered. Oil is not introduced in the service of Baptism until after the general intercessions, to introduce either the anointing with the oil of catechumens, or the laying on of hands. The oil is one of the most significant items used in the celebration of the Rite. Jesus, himself, particularly encouraged children to be baptized, Let the children come to me, and do not stop them, because the Kingdom of God belongs to such as these. During the time of Jesus, oil was used primarily used to show royalty at this point in time, kings were the only anointed ones. The completion of the sacrament consists, first, of the anointing with chrism, which signifies the royal priesthood of the baptized and enrollment into the lodge of the people of God . Clearly, Chrism has a very powerful meaning in the celebration of baptism. Two thousand years ago, the Chr ism was a sign of royalty and the tradition has carried on to today, where the royalty are still anointed.The Church encourages that baptism be celebrated before the entire faith community. Baptisms usually take place during the sunshine liturgy. During the actual anointing of the candidates the celebrant says we anoint you with the oil of salvation in the name of Christ ... ...me form of anointing. The anointing is always to fortify the recipient. anointing likewise solidifies the body and soul, which are temples of the Holy Spirit.WORKS CITEDBenedict XIV, Ep. Ex quo primum tempore 52 Benedicti XIV -- Bullarium, v. 3 (Prati, 1847) 320.Bouley, Adam, Catholic Rites Today Abridged Texts For Students.Collegeville, MN The Liturgical put right 1992, 164.Cyril of Jerusalem, Catech. 18, 33 PG 33, 1056.Epistolae Pontificae ad Concilium Florentinum spectantes, G. Hoffman, ed., Concilium Florentinum v. 1, ser. A, part 2 (Rome, 1944) 128.Mark 1014Sacramentary - Anointing Outside the Mass, Anointing, 124Sacramentary -- A, Order Of A Baptism Celebrated By the Minister, 17Sacramentary -- A, bodily structure of the Rite of Baptizing Children, 3 Sacramentary -- B, Prayer of Exorcism and Anointing Before Baptism, 50 Sacramentary - Rite of Confirmation Within the Mass, The Anointing With Chrism, 27Sacramentary - Ordination of a Priest, Anointing of Hands, 24Sacramentary - Anointing Outside the Mass, Anointing, 124Tertullian, De resurrectione mortuorum 8, 3CCL 2, 931.Trent, Unctione, ch. 2 Denz-Schon 1696