Determining Outliers in Statistics

Determining Outliers in Statistics Outliers are data values that differ greatly from the majority of a set of data. These values fall outside of an overall trend that is present in the data.  A careful examination of a set of data to look for outliers causes some difficulty. Although it is easy to see, possibly by use of a stemplot, that some values differ from the rest of the data, how much different does the value have to be to be considered an outlier?  We will look at a specific measurement that will give us an objective standard of what constitutes an outlier. Interquartile Range The interquartile range is what we can use to determine if an extreme value is indeed an outlier. The interquartile range is based upon part of the five-number summary of a data set, namely the first quartile and the third quartile. The calculation of the interquartile range involves a single arithmetic operation. All that we have to do to find the interquartile range is to subtract the first quartile from the third quartile. The resulting difference tells us how spread out the middle half of our data is. Determining Outliers Multiplying the interquartile range (IQR) by 1.5 will give us a way to determine whether a certain value is an outlier. If we subtract 1.5 x IQR from the first quartile, any data values that are less than this number are considered outliers. Similarly, if we add 1.5 x IQR to the third quartile, any data values that are greater than this number are considered outliers. Strong Outliers Some outliers show extreme deviation from the rest of a data set. In these cases we can take the steps from above, changing only the number that we multiply the IQR by, and define a certain type of outlier. If we subtract 3.0 x IQR from the first quartile, any point that is below this number is called a strong outlier. In the same way, the addition of 3.0 x IQR to the third quartile allows us to define strong outliers by looking at points which are greater than this number. Weak Outliers Besides strong outliers, there is another category for outliers. If a data value is an outlier, but not a strong outlier, then we say that the value is a weak outlier. We will look at these concepts by exploring a few examples. Example 1 First, suppose that we have the data set {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 9}. The number 9 certainly looks like it could be an outlier. It is much greater than any other value from the rest of the set. To objectively determine if 9 is an outlier, we use the above methods. The first quartile is 2 and the third quartile is 5, which means that the interquartile range is 3. We multiply the interquartile range by 1.5, obtaining 4.5, and then add this number to the third quartile. The result, 9.5, is greater than any of our data values. Therefore there are no outliers. Example 2 Now we look at the same data set as before, with the exception that the largest value is 10 rather than 9: {1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 10}. The first quartile, third quartile, and interquartile range are identical to example 1. When we add 1.5 x IQR 4.5 to the third quartile, the sum is 9.5. Since 10 is greater than 9.5 it is considered an outlier. Is 10 a strong or weak outlier? For this, we need to look at 3 x IQR 9. When we add 9 to the third quartile, we end up with a sum of 14. Since 10 is not greater than 14, it is not a strong outlier. Thus we conclude that 10 is a weak outlier. Reasons for Identifying Outliers We always need to be on the lookout for outliers. Sometimes they are caused by an error. Other times outliers indicate the presence of a previously unknown phenomenon. Another reason that we need to be diligent about checking for outliers is because of all the descriptive statistics that are sensitive to outliers. The mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient for paired data are just a few of these types of statistics.

Geography Essay Sample Summer in Different Parts of the Globe

Geography Essay Sample Summer in Different Parts of the Globe Geography Essay Sample: Summer in Different Parts of the Globe If you are going to write a college paper, it’s a good idea to look at an example first. This will help you understand the structure of an essay and what needs to be included. Here is a geography essay sample for you to reference when you write your own geography masterpiece. Often, people think that summer is warm, and the sun is always shining. This is not always the case for summer varies in different places around the world. There is not one single definition of the season when it is looked at from a global standpoint. There is a handful of differences between each country’s summer season and what it looks like. If you live in the northern hemisphere, you know that summer occurs in June, July, and August. Those who live in the southern hemisphere experience summer in December, January, and February. Not every country has their summer season at the same time. This is one of the major differences between summers in different places around the world. Another variation in summer around the world is that some places get warmer and drier while others get warmer and wetter. Drier climates often go through droughts in the summertime, which cuts back on their crop production. Tropical areas are known to be more humid, which means that summer is the â€Å"wet season†. This is also the season where the most vegetation grows in tropical countries. Hong Kong has a sub-tropical climate, which means that they grow many of their crops during the summer season. Overall, there are a few cities that are hotter than all of the rest. Kuwait City, Karachi, and Ahvaz often reach the highest temperatures when compared to others. Particularly, in Kuwait City, the temperature might reach 44 degrees Celsius, which is equivalent to 111 degrees Fahrenheit. This is common during the summer months from June to August. This city, along with Karachi and Ahvaz, experiences more than a few negative effects from the hot weather. The citizens are prone to heatwaves and poor air circulation. In the summer season of 2017 in the United States, a few states had especially hot weather. These temperatures were between 119 and 125 degrees Fahrenheit or between 48 and 51 degrees Celsius. These specific temperatures were recorded in the southwest region, including California, Arizona, and Nevada. Arizona’s capital city, Phoenix, had reached the temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit three times in its history. The high temperatures proved to be deadly and even resulted in heat waves. Of course, this is not what summer looks like all around the globe. In New Zealand, there can sometimes be a lack of consistency when it comes to weather. New Zealand is located relatively close to Antarctica. Recently, in January of 2017, this country should have been experiencing its summer season. Instead, it was met with a â€Å"weather bomb† which led to flooding and snowing. This is not abnormal for the country, which is located in the southern hemisphere. They have endured extreme weather conditions prior to the 2017 weather bomb. Well, there are a lot of ways that summer can present itself throughout the world. There is not one correct route to describe summer because it can look different in each city or country. Some countries have mild summers, while others have very extreme ones. Even a country’s summer season timing can vary by its location in either the northern or southern hemisphere. References: Birch, H. (2015, July 22). Where is the worlds hottest city? Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz Cheng, V., Ng, E., Chan, C., Givoni, B. (2011). Outdoor thermal comfort study in a sub-tropical climate: A longitudinal study based in Hong Kong. International Journal of Biometeorology, 56(1), 43-56. doi:10.1007/s00484-010-0396-z Press, A. (2017, June 21). Scorching summer temperatures bring worst heat to south-west US in years. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jun/20/heatwave-south-west-us-arizona-nevada-california Redd, N. T. (2015, June 19). Summer: The Warmest Season. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.livescience.com/24592-summer.html Roy, E. A. (2017, January 23). New Zealand hit by weather bomb bringing summer snow and flooding. Retrieved March 21, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/new-zealand-weather-bomb-summer-snow-flooding Staniforth, A., Thuburn, J. (2011). Horizontal grids for global weather and climate prediction models: A review. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 138(662), 1-26. doi:10.1002/qj.958 Waliser, D. E., Moncrieff, M. W., Burridge, D., Fink, A. H., Gochis, D., Goswami, B. N., . . . Yuter, S. (2012). The â€Å"Year† of Tropical Convection (May 2008–April 2010): Climate Variability and Weather Highlights. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 93(8), 1189-1218. doi:10.1175/2011bams3095.1 As an option, you can contact our writing service for hiring custom essay writers  who are experts in writing excellent geography essays and research papers.

Assignment - Discussion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

- Discussion - Assignment Example Apple’s product can be marketed to a single general audience, yet Apple still targets specific segments. In targeting the parents of small children, Apple has found probably some of the most willing buyers of their product. This segment has more money, more interest in the utility of the product, and may even buy more than one. Demonstrating the applications on the iPad and their positive influence for children as a learning tool is an excellent strategy that targets that market—these parents want a toy that also provides educational value. Finally, the product positioning of the iPad, for this segment, stresses how it is revolutionary among modern computer technology as well as learning software. Alone, use of computers and software is not a new idea—but Apple shows that the iPad as a whole is entirely new. Overall, we see that this is a case of differentiated marketing, and this specific article talks about Apple’s appeal to a certain segment by making their product appear youthful, educational, revolutionary, and completely

Human Resources Recruiter Career Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resources Recruiter Career - Term Paper Example This career study will help current MCC students to find the career that is the most suitable to their personality, interests, and skills, using Holland’s Personality Type model. The report also provides all detailed information regarding the particular career of their choices such as required education, skills, experience, current and future job opportunities, work environment, work conditions, salary, and benefits. The career study project also summarizes all gathered information for each HR recruiter career level in an easy-to-read summary table for a quick reference. Sources of the information are listed in the summary table as well. This report targets students with Conventional Holland’s Personality Type Model, who would be suitable for the career of HR recruiter. This personality type has excellent organizational skills and prefers building relationships across diverse cultures and backgrounds. To evaluate the suitability of this career, the following topics were researched using current government and internet sources: The information regarding the career of HR recruiter is divided into the following categories: 1. Conventional type person likes being precise, orderly, organizing, and paying attention to details, so a bachelor’s degree in labor relations, personnel, and human resources are helpful and a good knowledge of labor law is an asset. 2. Examples of the required skills are: effective oral and written communication skills, relationship building skills, excellent computer skills in a Microsoft Windows environment, ability to work independently with minimal supervision, database management and record keeping skills, excellent interpersonal and teaching skills, excellent organizational skills, data and information analysis skillfully, and active listening skills. These skills match with the abilities most conventional personality type students posses, so the suitability for this career is excellent. 3. The current and future jo b opportunities should be above average. That is adequate for candidates with conventional personality type. 4. The work environment and conditions of an HR recruiter should fit the conventional personality type. This personality type prefers business-detail, traditional office settings with rewards, conformity, and dependability. 5. The salary and benefits should be adequate given the education and the work tasks required. The earned salary should be average or above average. The conventional personality type person does possess management skills with no risk exposure so the salary and benefits are adequate.

Self Assessment Essay Example for Free

Self Assessment Essay Overall, I feel that I have not done up to my expectations over the course of the two presentations. Comparatively, these are the areas that have improved/worsened: Engagement with Audience I feel that I had improved marginally by not referring to my phone (which happens to be my script) as often, but however, I was still distracted by the phone as well as the power point slides. Half of the time, I was busy referring to my script as well as the power point slides, causing me to lose engagement with the audience. This is one of the biggest problems that I have to overcome through this course. More often than not, I tend to forget the content that I wish to express, which results in the constant reference to the script and slides. Furthermore, when I was looking at the audience, I tend to look forward instead of looking at every single one of them. I believe I can overcome this problem by rehearsing with friends; with an audience of at least two people so that I can familiarize myself with looking at the crowd more often, instead of just simply looking forward. Preparation of Presentation In the course of preparation, I adopted the use of presentation slides, which I feel were quite meaningful in illustrating what I was trying to express. This helps to capture the audience’s attention and gives a clear picture of the topic that I was presenting. However, while preparing the script, I employed the use of several bombastic words that impeded my presentation in terms of expressing fluently. I feel very restricted to the script; I find myself having the obligation to follow exactly what the script says. This is very detrimental to my presentation and as a result, I kept referring to my script while doing the presentation whenever I forget a specific sentence. I feel that I should prepare a script in point form, rather than in specific structured sentences. This way, I will be less restricted by the script which is supposed to aid me, not the other way round. Articulation and Fluency In my opinion, I feel that I can pronounce and articulate words rather well, which is one of my stronger areas. However, there is a tendency that I will stutter, most likely due to nervousness as well as the obligation to express specific sentences which I described above. There is much to improve and I believe that more practice will be able to correct my tendency to stutter. Nervousness Overall, I was more nervous during OA1 compared to the practice presentation. It was reflected in the way I was referring to my slides and script, as well as stuttering. I feel that I was too reliant on my script, which caused me even more nervousness once I happen to let slip on my memory. Ample practices will definitely aid me in managing my nervousness. Furthermore, after these two presentations, I feel that I had gained experience which will definitely aid in my future presentations.

American Invasion of Iraq Essay -- Morality, Reasons, Exaggeration

The American invasion of Iraq was morally and humanely wrong. During the invasion of Iraq in 2003, American government went far beyond humanity when they gave spurious and idealistic reasons for invading Iraq. Over 1 million Iraqi citizens were killed and the country lived under terror for over 5 years due to the American actions. In 1991 George Bush Sr., attempted to invade Iraq, however, this mission ended before any major action was taken. George Bush Sr.’s advisers, one of them being Dick Cheny choose not to invade Iraq because of the fear that such an invasion could turn into a â€Å"quagmire†. In spite of that, when George W. Bush, the son of George Bush Sr., began his journey to possibly complete what his father wanted to accomplish 10 years ago, the invasion of Iraq. Bush benevolently argued that â€Å"democracy in the Middle East must occur,† and the best way he choose was by attacking Iraq. According to globalpolicy.org, â€Å"Before the war, Bush was repeatedly told there was no definitive evidence that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. He knew Iraq was not a nuclear threat. He knew there was no Iraq connection to 9/11. Iraq posed no imminent danger to the United States. There was no case for a pre-emptive war.† â€Å"George W. Bush knew there was no solid prove that Iraq was planting weapons of mass destruction. There were no nuclear weapons in Iraq, not enough technology was developed in Iraq to target long range enemies; America was definitely not being aimed at. Nothing was being planned from the Iraqi side.† (globalpolicy.org) About the WMD excuse, George W. Bush lied that the Iraqi were a threat to its neighboring countries [Kuwait and Iran] and to the world peace due to the believe that weapon of mass destruct... ...ading Iraq have been told to the outside world yet. If powerful countries with solid military force like the United States is able to take-over a country for personal benefits then where will the world end up one day? George W. Bush was definitely in hype or hysteria when he made the decision for invading Iraq, this hype led United States into the war. History should always be used for granted; history is just like a lesson that is thought at any school, if you pay attention to it and learn from it, astray will not be your path. Works Cited http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/168/37699.html http://www.telegraph.co.uk /news/worldnews/1560915/Dick-Cheney-Iraq-quagmire-video-hits-the-web.html http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/01/09/60minutes/main592330.shtml http://www.teresi.us/html/writing/iraq_war.html http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3340723/

Roles of the Greek Gods in the Odyssey of Homer

Throughout the epic of The Odyssey of Homer, Odysseus, the main protagonist, receives help, and is frowned upon by the gods. There are many gods, and goddesses who play significant roles in Odysseus’ journey back to his homeland of Ithaca. Athena, the gray-eyed goddess, or the daughter of Zeus, is the most predominant goddess in the epic. One of Athena’s roles is to act as a guardian towards Telemachus. In the beginning, Athena travels to Ithaca in the guise of Mentes, and states to Telemachus, Odysseus’ son, â€Å"I’m Mentes, son of wise Anchialus; the Taphian, tenacious oarsmen are the people I rule†¦.For bright Odysseus has not died upon this Earth: he is alive somewhere, delayed upon an island set among vast waves, held by harsh savages against his will†, (Homer, and Mandelbaum, p. 9-10). Athena is stating that Odysseus, Telemachus’ father is alive, and later on tells Telemachus to â€Å"asks the lord of Ithaca to gather here tomorr ow; then speak to all, and let the gods be witnesses. Command the suitors to scatter, each on his own way†¦Find the fittest ship and, with a crew of twenty oarsmen, seek some word of your long-absent father- for a mortal may have heard word of him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer, and Mandelbaum, p. 2-13). Athena is influencing Telemachus to demand that the suitors leave Odysseus’ halls and that he should set sail in search of word of his father. After Odysseus’ arrival back to Ithaca, Telemachus, who is still in Sparta, is urged to return home by Athena, â€Å"Telemachus, don’t wander from your house too long when you have left behind your wealth, with men so arrogant within your gates†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer, and Mandelbaum, p. 295). After hearing the words of Athena, Telemachus chose to return home to Ithaca.Athena also acts as Odysseus’ guardian during his journey home, and even after he had reached his homeland. When Odysseus washes upon the shores of Scheria , he is met by Nausicaa, the daughter of the king of the Phaeacians, who takes him to her father’s halls. Upon departure for town, Athena sent a thick cloud of mist to surround Odysseus to protect him from the Phaeacians. Also, when Odysseus arrives back in his homeland of Ithaca after 11 years of absence, he is transformed into an elderly man by Athena to disguise himself so none of the Ithacans would recognize Odysseus.But during the slaughter of the suitors, Athena reveals Odysseus’ true body, and also makes him look more youthful. Athena, in the guise of Mentor, assists Odysseus, Telemachus, and Eumaes by diverting the arrows, and spears thrown by the suitors during the slaughter. In the end, Athena persuades Odysseus to not resort to violence towards the suitors family members and friend. In the end, Athena’s main role throughout the epic was to act a guardian, and as a guide to both Telemachus, and Odysseus.Zeus, the ruler of all the gods, goddesses, and e verything else, and is the most superior and powerful god out of all. During the epic, Zeus uses his powers to help Odysseus, and also uses them to hinder him. On Odysseus’ journey back home to Ithaca, before he was stranded on Calypso’s isle, he and his crew came upon the land of Thrinacia, the land of Helios. Odysseus and his crew were warned by Circe not to slaughter one single beast, but ignoring Circe’s advice, Odysseus’ crew slaughtered, and prepared the beasts of Thrinacia.This is where Zeus is a hindrance towards Odysseus. Lampetie, a nymph, upon witnessing the slaughter of Helios’s animals, rushed to inform Helios what had occurred. Helios, now infuriated, cried to Zeus, â€Å"You, father Zeus, and all the other blessed and deathless gods-you now must take revenge: destroy the comrades of Laertes’ son, Odysseus; in their insolence they killed the herds that I beheld with such delight†¦If they’re not made to pay a penalt y to match their sin, I shall descend to Hades and shine among the dead† (Homer, and Mandelbaum, p. 249).When Zeus heard this, he sent a dark storm cloud over Odysseus’ ship and Zeus sent a single lightning bolt down to the ship, sparing Odysseus, but killing all of his crew. Odysseus floated on the keel of his ship for ten days until the gods cast him upon Calypso’s coast. But then it was Zeus who sent Hermes, the messenger god, to Ogygia, Calypso’s isle, to release Odysseus. If Zeus wouldn’t have sent the storm cloud that destroyed Odysseus’ ship, Homer wouldn’t have been able to write an epic based on his journey home after being stranded on Calypso’s isle for ten years.That is an example of home Zeus’ role in the epic is extremely important. Poseidon, the god of the sea, also called the â€Å"earth-shaker†, only inflicts harm to Odysseus during his journey home due to an incident on Odysseus’ first trek home to Ithaca. Odysseus and his crew were sailing home from a victory at Troy when they came across the mountaintop home of Polyphemus the Cyclops, Poseidon’s son. Polyphemus trapped Odysseus and his crew, and devoured most of them. To escape Odysseus threw a spear into the eye of the Cyclops, thus blinding him.The next time the blinded Cyclops drove his herds of animals out into the fields, Odysseus and the remainder of his crew snuck out of Polyphemus’ mountaintop home on the bellies of the sheep, and escaped back to their ship. As they were escaping Polyphemus cursed Odysseus and his crew, â€Å"Listen, Poseidon, dark-haired lord who clasps the earth hard fast, if I’m indeed your son and you declare yourself my father, then don’t let this ravager of towns, Odysseus, Laertes son, who lives in Ithaca, return to his own land.But if his fate let him see his dear ones once again and reach his sturdy home, his native land, then let him struggle back- a bat tered man, with all his comrades lost, and on a ship of strangers. In his house, let him meet grief† (Homer, and Mandelbaum, p. 186). Throughout the epic, Poseidon does everything in his power to bring hardship upon Odysseus and his crew. Hermes, the messenger god, and the guide for the souls on their way to Hades, is a minor god in the epic. Hermes is the god in which Zeus sends to Calypso to demand her to free Odysseus.Hermes also appears in the end of the epic when he is leading the shades of the slaughtered suitors to Hades. All in all, the gods and goddesses in The Odyssey of Homer played extremely important roles in the epic. Athena, the most important, acted as a guardian to Telemachus and Odysseus, Zeus was the ruler of all, and changed the way the epic may have turned out, Poseidon inflicted pain, and suffering to Odysseus, and his crew throughout their journey, and Hermes was the messenger. Without the gods, and goddesses in this epic, events throughout the epic may have turned out differently.

Catherine Smith Essay

Catherine Smith was miss-treated in this situation as she had been to the police numerous times and never was there once a charge laied against Kevin smith. The one time Catherine retaliated she was put on trial and was almost sentenced to 25 years jail for only one offence when Kevin had committed 17 offences which were 3 attempted murders and several sexual assaults. The police did nothing even know Catherine had gone to them and they did nothing at all, that was not fair on Catherine or her family. Catherine was wrongly accused of trying to kill her husband Kevin in self-defence after over 30 years, this is just like she had already been in jail and done nothing wrong. Lucky for once the judge ruled out her case as self-defence and Kevin is still out in the world hurting Catherine. In 1997 Catherine escaped but Kevin came looking for her. He kidnapped their son Duncan and held him at gun point and Kevin was charged for only kidnapping his son not for any of the other 17 crimes he had committed and only sent to jail for a couple of mouths. Catherine could not believe that this had happened on a couple of mouths this is very unfair to Catherine and her kids. During this time Catherine tried to go see all her children. But a week before he was issued on parole. Catherine and her kids had to go into lock down again. Vicky Smith says â€Å"he was obsessive. He had to find her, he had to have her, he had to control her, and he had to own her. (Daughter) Also in the time Catherine and Kevin were married he assaulted 2 police officers, stole their gun and fired at his children who were trying to run and hid, again nothing was done and he wasn’t charged. This is not fair that someone that horrible can get away with so much and thing that are so important. Kevin smith was finally sentenced for up to 10 years jail for 17 offences including rape, assault and attempted murder. His sentence was not rightly done because for attempted murder is jail time for less than 25 years and Kevin is only getting 10 years for what he has done. Also this happened over 30 years ago and Catherine was technically in jail for over 30 years and for all the things Kevin had done to Catherine and what he put his family through all he got was 10 years jail. The jury in her trial only took 25 minutes to reach a unanimous verdict of not guilty. Finally Kevin Smith was convicted for his crimes. However it took another three months for justice to be delivered, with smith repeatedly stymieing the legal process. â€Å"he was trying more stalling tactics†¦ never faced up to what’s happened,† As Catherine quotes â€Å"I can’t believe it, finally, I can tell people my address. Finally I can go and visit my grandchildren without fear. A few years of peace, that’s what this means†. â€Å"With time already served, Kevin will be eligible for parole in 2020†.

NightCrawler A Real Monster in A Fictional world Professor Ramos Blog

NightCrawler A Real Monster in A Fictional world NightCrawler is a film Written and Directed by Dan Gilroy and stars the incredibly popular Jake Gyllenhaal. The Movie follows Lou Bloom, a single adult trying to find a job that he can develop into his career. From the moment the film starts we can see that Lou is an odd protagonist. He is clearly looking for something, a fulfillment to his life. This is even shown in his first line of the script when a cop approaches and asks him what he is doing, he simply states, â€Å"I’m lost.† It is not until Lou discoveres the world of Tv journalism that he feels he truly might have found a place for himself. Or at least, a start. From the first moment we see Lou enter the world of Journalism it is clear that he actually found something he enjoys doing. And he is good at it. But what makes Lou such a unique and intriguing character is that he is a sociopath. Lou blends his sociopathic traits very well with his politeness to create a very eerie and intimidating personality. However, he uses this to his advantage on multiple occasions. His lack of empathy and drive to succeed really shows the audience how hard of a worker he really is. Which ends up landing him a job working as a freelancer for a local news company. We see very early on that Lou will do whatever it takes to maintain this. Even going as far as moving dead bodies at a car accident to get a better shot. One of Jeffery Cohens theories states that, â€Å"The monster Dwells at the Gate of Difference.† (7) This theory applies to Lou in a sense that throughout the whole film, Lou is trying to become an active member of society. The second scene of the movie shows him approaching a construction worker attempting to get a job. We see right away that he is looking for a fulfillment to his life. He does not want to be different from everyone else, he just wants to fit in. But Lou’s sociopathic tendencies are keeping him balancing on the border of having that normal life, and losing it completely. The entire film is Louis doing what he thinks is right for him to advance in his newly founded career. He has no problem severely injuring or even murdering others as it is shown later in the film. His Motivation for succeeding as a TV Camera reporter motivates him to do completely unethical things. Cohens sixth theory, â€Å"Fear of the Monster Is Really a Kind of Desire† (Cohen 16) really shows the reason this character was created. That is why we are quick to sympathize with the character throughout the whole film. We as an audience understand his actions are not morally correct, but we understand why he is doing them. He wants to fit in, have a normal job and be an active member of society. And in return, this creates what is known as an Antihero. A character who lacks morality and, although not in this case, courage. The antiheroes perform actions that are usually indeed morally right but for their own self interest or profit. Lou’s sociopathic nature allows him to excel at his job which only shows the true problem with this, that society rewards the creation of these monsters. The director himself confirms this as a key factor in the writing process of the film. Not only is it bringing to light the true horrific nature of some people and their dedication to getting the job done, but it also shows why it is morally and ethically wrong. But what defines a sociopath? Is it the way they were raised or how they were raised? It is a very internal process. In the case of males, their hormones seem to stimulate the growth of the amygdala, a key area that modulates anger, hate, and aggression (Mohl 4). Louis manages to show all of these traits throughout the entire film. He has a clear sign of anger when he lets his boss down. He also clearly hates his rival and shows aggression to him in his calm toned manner which is even more frightening. Lou is a hard worker and that is made very clear from the beginning of the film. He is determined to be the best no matter what the cost is. When he arrives late to an accident, his rival is there bragging about the big scoop he got. Which leaves Lou returning to his boss with nothing. Which results in her yelling at him and overall, disappointing a respected figure of his. This becomes one of the major turning points for Louis in with his Sociopathic tendencies. Which end up causing Lou to cut the breaks of his rivals van which leads him to an almost near death accident. And of course, Lou is front and center to capture it all to please his boss. He did not decide whether what he was doing was morally right or not. He simply wanted to be the best in his field. With all of the negative and horrific things the character has done so far we still see him as the protagonist. But why? Well it is because of one easy word, empathy. â€Å"The audience’s emotional involvement is held by the glue of empathy† (McKee 141). We use empathy towards Louis and his actions because even though we understand it is not morally right we still want him to succeed because we feel bad for this isolated individual. Even louis uses empathy on himself to justify his actions. He believes that if he just does this one kinda bad thing his life would be so much better from it. He knows that he will get away with it because he is intelligent and has a fantastic alibi to help him get away with these horrendous actions. Jake Gyllenhaals portrayal of Lou is one of the reasons this movie was so successful. The ability to have him be polite and intimidating with a dash of insane really develops a great on screen adaptation of what someone like this would be like. Determined to get the job done no matter what the cost was. Not thinking about whether what you are doing is right or wrong but if it is good enough. And for the NightCrawler, it was. Gilroy, Dan, et al. Nightcrawler. Bold Films, 2014. Cohen, Jeffery jerome. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses).† Englishwithtuttle, www.englishwithtuttle.com/uploads/3/0/2/6/30266519/cohen_monster_culture__seven_theses__3-20.pdf. Mohl, Allan S. â€Å"Sociopathic Behavior and Its Relationship to Psychohistory.† EBSCOhost, http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=6sid=af0f1e8c-32eb-48c4-9b1a-e531e56155ac%40pdc-v-sessmgr05 McKee, Robert. Story. Vol. 1, Methune, 2014. http://markwaltermath.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/1/9/22190816/robert-mckee-story.1-206.pdf

Congratulations to the MCA award winners - Emphasis

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