Literature Review on Polygamy

Literature Review on Polygamy Polygamy is an intricate phenomenon and a result of power relations, with profound social, cultural, financial, and political roots. Regardless of being prohibited in numerous nations, the practice holds on and has been connected with women marginalization and emotional well-being sequelae. In this study, Daoud, Shoham-Vardi, Urquia and Campo, (2014) tried to enhance comprehension of this progressing, complex phenomenon by analyzing the commitment of financial position, social support to the abundance of depressive side effects and poor self-appraised wellbeing among women in polygamous marriages contrasted with women in monogamous marriages. Measuring the commitment of these elements could encourage approaches and mediations went for ensuring womens psychological wellness. The research was directed among an example of Arab Bedouin women living in a marginalized group in southern Israel (N=464, age 18-50). The females were actually met in 2008-2009. The researchers used logistic regr ession models to figure the commitment of Socio economic position (as characterized by the women training, family SEP, and family attributes) and social support to abundance of depressive indications and poor SRH among members in polygamous versus monogamous marriages. Results showed that around 23% of the members were in polygamous marriages. These women announced twice over chances of depressive signs and poorer self-rated health than those in monogamous marriages. Females training changed these affiliations marginally, yet family SEP and family unit attributes brought about for all intents and purposes no further change. Social bolster lessened the chances for poor SRH and DS by around 23% and 28%, respectively. Polygamy is connected with higher hazard for poor emotional wellness of women paying little mind to their SEP and training. Social bolster appears to have some defensive impact. Another study which was led by Al-Krenawi, Graham and Izzeldin (2001). In this research the sample was taken from refugee camps outside Gaza City. Snowball sampling technique was used to collect the sample of 187 females (100 senior or first spouses, 87 junior or second wives) in polygamous marriages. They completed questionnaires basic demographic information, Rosenbergs Self-Esteem (SE), and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Senior and junior spouses experienced crowded housing conditions. Senior wives perceived fundamentally more financial issues than did junior wives. In perceived relationship fulfillment significant difference occurred, with junior spouses less disappointed than senior wives. Significant differences occurred in five measurements of the BSI: somatization, interpersonal affectability, gloom, nervousness, and phobic uneasiness, with senior spouses scoring higher than junior wives on all subscales. Self-esteem scores were altogether lower among senior than junior s pouses. Socio-demographic and psychological discoveries are broke down in connection to financial, interpersonal, and intra-familial stressors, and social arrangement settings. On the other hand, Chaleby, (1985) examined that whether Kuwaiti spouses of polygamous marriages were extremely represented to in the inpatient psychiatric instead of the general public. A second intention was to decide the degree of the relationship between psychiatric issue and marital condition. Preliminary data showed that the rate of spouses of polygamous marriages was essentially more prominent in the inpatient psychiatric populace than in the all-inclusive community of Kuwait, as reflected in the 1975 registration. Moreover, the outcomes recommended a relationship between the way of psychiatric issue and the conjugal circumstance. Exchange clarifications of the information are progressed, and the requirement for controlled future studies drafted. However, Slonim, Nevo and Al-Krenawi (2006) conducted a study. For this study, the researchers interviewed 10 polygamous families, who were living in a Bedouin Arab town in the south of Israel. Every one of the 10 families were comprising of 1 spouse, 2 wives, and kids. Five individuals were met in every family: first spouse, second wife, the oldest child of first and second wife, and the husband. Among 10 families five families were viewed as well-working families and five as ineffectively working. Results revealed that polygamy is difficult in both well-working and ineffectively working families, especially for spouses. In any case, there are numerous customs and mastery that encourage individuals from the family to function well. Among them are acknowledgment of polygamy as Gods desire or fate, square with equal distribution of resources among both families by the spouse, partition between the two families, evasion of minor clashes and differences, keeping up a disposition of rega rd toward the other wife, and permitting open communication among all siblings, children and the other mother. Researchers likewise examined the need to create, execute, and assess family mediation programs for polygamous families among various communities in the world. In like manner, working with polygamous families some clinical implications are likewise investigated. A report of research which depends on those females who were being found in essential medicinal services focuses by Al-Krenawi. The sample comprises of 126 Bedouin-Arab women from polygamous families (1999). Of these, 94 were senior spouses who were trailed by another wife in the marriage, and 32 were junior wives, the latest wife joining the marriage. Information uncovered that senior spouses showed lower self-esteem when contrasted with junior wives. Findings additionally revealed that senior spouses showed poorer associations with their husbands contrasted with their junior counterparts. Often when a spouse wedded a second wife, the marriage could be founded on adoration, instead of parental course of action, a trade, or relationship as in the first. These variables likewise add to the senior spouses low self-esteem and marital disappointment. Furthermore, another study was conducted by Al-Krenawi, Graham and Al-Krenawi (1997) this study examined the information in view of understudy documents of 25 Bedouin-Arab children born to senior mothers of polygamous families. The interviews were conducted with children teachers and mothers. Mothers reported that their children had an assortment of behavioral issues, and below average academic achievement. Mothers griped of substantial side effects, financial issues, poor relations with the spouse, and competition and desire between the co-wives and among the co-wives children. Social work practice ought to perceive the social and individual essentialness of polygamy to relatives; value the noteworthiness of polygamy to childrens functioning; select children as an objective framework for intercession; and strengthen the Islamic value base for mediations.

Billy Sunday Essay -- Essays Papers

Billy Sunday For almost a quarter century Billy Sunday was a household name in the United States. Between 1902 when he first made the pages of the New York Times and 1935 when the paper covered his death and memorial service in detail, people who knew anything about current events had heard of the former major league baseball player who was preaching sin and salvation to large crowds all over America. Not everyone who knew of the famous evangelist liked him. Plenty of outspoken critics spoke of his flashy style and criticized his conservative doctrines. But he had hundreds of thousands, perhaps millions, of loyal defenders, and they were just as loud in their praise as the critics were in their criticism. Whether people stood for or against the Reverend William A. Sunday, they all agreed that it was difficult to be indifferent toward him. The religious leader was so extraordinarily popular, opinionated, and vocal that indifference was the last thing that he would get from people. His most loyal admirers were confident that this rural-breed preacher was God’s mouthpiece, calling Americans to repentance. Sunday’s critics said that at best he was a well-meaning buffoon whose sermons vulgarized and trivialized the Christian message and at worst he was a disgrace to the name of Christ (Dorsett 2). There are elements of truth in both of these views. He was often guilty of oversimplifying biblical truths, and at times he spoke more out of ignorance than a heavenly viewpoint. He was also a man with numerous flaws. He spoiled his children, giving them everything that they asked for. He put enormous responsibility on his wife, burdening her with many aspects of his ministry. He always noticeably sought the applause of the crowd for his own praise. He often confused the will of God with his own social and political agenda. He even sometimes compared the gospel of Jesus Christ with special interest and American foreign policy. Nevertheless, Billy Sunday was a sincere man whose life was fundamentally changed by his response to an evangelist’s call to repent of his sins, to believe that Jesus Christ died in his place for those sins, and to follow Christ in thanksgiving by worshiping and obeying him. Following this spiritual rebirth, the convert became deeply devoted to Jesus Christ. A devotion manifested in living out many of ... ...ee baseball seasons stood up at the street preacher’s invitation and abruptly announced to his teammates on the curb, â€Å"Boys I bid the old life good-bye.† Billy considered going down during the invitation but did not. After several days of agonizing over this Billy went back to the mission and decided, â€Å"With Christ you are saved, without him you are lost† (Sunday â€Å"Satan† 4). He â€Å"committed† his life that night to a cause that he saw was more important than any baseball game ever played. Despite becoming largely famous after being traded to Philadelphia, it would be the results of that decision at the Pacific Garden Mission that the world would remember Billy Sunday for. Some applauded Sunday and his methods; others did not. But there is no question that Sunday’s sensational career was a phenomenon Americans would not soon forget. Works Cited Dorsett, Lyle W. Billy Sunday and the Redemption of Urban America. Grand Rapids: W.B. Eerdmans Pub, 1991. Ellis, William T. Billy Sunday: The Man and His Message. n.p., 1914. Sunday, Billy. Billy Sunday’s Sermons. Omaha: Omaha Daily News, 1915. Sunday, Billy. Face to Face With Satan. Knoxville: Prudential Pub, 1923.

Forever Strong Essay

We all can understand that there is no â€Å"I† in â€Å"team† but how many of us can honestly say we know the significance and appreciation of a team. Forever Strong is a sports drama inspired by actual events. We are introduced to a troubled rugby player, Rick, who injuries himself and his girlfriend driving drunk and finds himself in a juvenile detention center, not knowing this journey will forever change his life. Rick is given the choice to decide between jail and playing rugby for his hometown’s ultimate rival, Highland, which also means playing against his dad, his hometown’s coach. With every scene we are able to see Rick’s struggle with understanding the value of teamwork and the desire to become a better person. It’s not uncommon for someone to neglect the obvious opportunity that is ahead of them, but many never will get over their own ego to do what is best for them. Rick’s first day of practice at Highland he is given a taste of what it means to be a part of a team but he doesn’t quite like the idea of playing for a team who he has competed against and loathed. He tries his hardest to be the star while his teammates try their hardest to put him in his place. At the end of the day his new coach makes the team promise they will keep their bodies clean, eat right, and stay away from drugs and alcohol while Rick makes a complete joke out of it. You begin to see the relevance of this scene throughout the movie while Rick slowly begins to understand the significance of teamwork and what it means to the rest of his teammates. The thoughts that one has going through their head as they encounter something surreal are not only sincere but indescribable. After a phenomenal victory not only for Highland but for Rick, personally, as he allows himself to open his eyes to being a part of a team, the team pulls over to help a family with car troubles and a terrible incident occurs leaving a teammate dead. All Rick can do is â€Å"run it out,† as he handles the impact of the news. Rick decides to stop the drugs and alcohol in order to be a better man and live in honor of his former teammate. Rick later on in the movie has pride in him and confessed, â€Å"I don’t do ANYTHING to embarrass myself, my team, and my family. Rick is given a positive evaluation from his guidance counselor to go home just in time to play against Highland for the championship game. He is quickly pressured into revealing â€Å"Highland’s secrets,† refusing, causing his friends to set him up with drugs and alcohol and getting caught by the cops. He tries over and over to plead his case that he has changed to his peers and family, resulting in a failure, until a former friend tells the truth about what really happened. Rick ultimately wonders where his loyalty lies. We all come to what seems like a fork in the road; we have no idea why life is tugging on us so hard but we eventually figured out what we have to do in order to protect yourself and your morals. Rick was shown the value of teamwork and selflessness while he was at Highland; although, he knew his teammates needed him for the game and he decided to go play for Highland where he was welcomed with open arms by his teammates to fulfill their common goal – win the championship game and come together as a whole. Forever Strong is much more than a movie about rugby, it’s about how one man struggles to become something much bigger than himself.

The Stigma Of Mental Health - 1990 Words

People with mental disorders were considered as vulnerable in the society due to the limitations in their rights. Such a situation of individuals cause oppressions as a result of dominant discourse prejudice. The capabilities of people with mental health histories often underestimated by the community. The result of such discrimination is devastating for individuals with mental health concerns. The focus of mental health intervention has undergone changes since its introduction. The treatment services have become more respectful of the rights of the individuals as the institutionalized services became more community oriented services (Rodriguez del Barrio et al., 2014). If a person is diagnosed with a mental disorder, the society tends to ostracize the individual and stigma attached to such situations can be termed as sanism (Morrow Weisser, 2012). Sanism contributes to an organized suppression and oppression of mental health consumers (Perlin, 1992, 2003; Poole et al., 2012 as cite d in LeBlanc Kinsella, 2016). An intersectionality analysis coupled with anti-oppressive approach can be used to unpack sanism and other multiple oppressions faced by the marginalized population (Mullaly, 2010). Mental Health Consumers People who use psychiatric services are referred to as mental health consumers. Mental health consumers are marginalized in our society due to discrimination and stigma. The dignity and the worth of a person are severely affected by discrimination andShow MoreRelatedThe Stigma Of Mental Health Stigma1178 Words   |  5 Pages To many a stigma is a disgraceful flaw, that of a negative presence. In mental health this stigma is overwhelming. Approximately 57.7 million Americans experience a mental health disorder in any given year. (National Alliance on Mental Illness) People in dire need of help are not seeking it. Mental illnesses are going undiagnosed. The mental health stigma is having a negative impact on the proper diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. A stigma can simply be defined as a mark of disgraceRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health968 Words   |  4 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in mental health system is deep rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illness andRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1095 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION The stigma in the mental health system is deeply rooted and its origin goes back by centuries. The stigma is powerful that it has been codified in federal since last 50 years. But the realization that the stigma attached adversely affects mental health care system is still lacking. The discrimination against mental illness has invaded the systemic structure causing more worries to sufferers of mental illness and their families. While every individual and system is well aware of mental illnessRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1992 Words   |  8 PagesAmerica is a country so focused on changing physical health. The real question though is why is mental health being ignored? Mental health is an issue that is ravaging our country from the inside out. Our mentally ill are being stigmatized against just because they are seen more different than the rest of society. Upon further research into the subject it is showing that this issue is beginning with our youth. This discrimination aga inst the mentally ill we are taught leaks into our adult lives whichRead MoreThe Stigma Of Mental Health1785 Words   |  8 PagesThe Stigma on Mental Health is an issue I strive to expose daily. I was raised by a parent who suffers from mental health and addictions issues and then had a child with someone with similar issues. More recently I have witnessed my best friend struggle to find support for her eight year old son who has a complex clinical profile. Watching so many people I love struggle daily to receive support and basic empathy, I feel I have become somewhat of an expert on the effects of stigma on mental healthRead MoreThe Stigma Associated With Mental Health1641 Words   |  7 PagesMost people with mental health illness feels diminished, devalued, and fearful because of the prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviours that society held towards them. The stigma associated with mental health illness often marginalized and disenfranchises the affected individua ls and families in the society, which means that they â€Å"may experience discrimination in areas of health care, employment, education, justice, and housing†(1). The feeling of fear to be discriminated against limitedRead MoreReducing Mental Health Stigma1854 Words   |  8 PagesReducing Mental Health Stigma As a member of college society, what are you doing to prevent mental health stigma? We live in the world where it is a great deal to be accepted by others and get approved, and college is the place where most students rush to get this acceptance. It is a beginning of independence and new experiences for students. Most students leave their house and start the first step of building a whole new future; no parents are there to tell them what is right and what is wrong,Read MoreMental Health And The Stigma Of Mental Illness3249 Words   |  13 PagesConfronting Stigma Related to Mental Illness This paper is an analysis of mental health and the stigma that is associated with mental illness. The reputation accompanying mental illness causes detrimental effects on those with a psychiatric disorder, such as discrimination, poor health outcomes and social suffering. This is partly due to a lack of public education on the matter, along with attributions of violence related to mental illness caused by news reports. A multi-faceted campaign to increaseRead MoreMilitary And Mental Health Stigma2723 Words   |  11 Pages Military Mental Health Stigma SOWK 636 Kari Brown University of Southern California Introduction There is concern about military service members receiving stigma about getting or needing treatment in the area of mental health. Stigma occurs when individuals view others negatively because they have been labeled or identified as having a deviant behavior against societal norms; deviant behaviors such as mental illnesses or diagnoses uncommon or harmful to others. How does thatRead MoreMental Illness And Mental Health Stigma1253 Words   |  6 Pagesa serious illness that affects all aspects of ones life. The omnipresence of mental illness is increasing in our time era. Our society’s mental health stigma is the basis for why countless of people do not receive the needed help, even as their lives begin to crumble. The prejudice faults placed on the one suffering from the disease hold back our efforts to progress with treatments and move positively with mental health. Dr. Kay Jamison was a senior in high school when she began experiencing the

Definition Of Full Access For Children With Disabilities

Full Access Full Access is a one stop shop for any person with disabilities. They offer resources and links to other organizations that can help with almost all aspects of health and well-being. For instance, they offer connections to services for advocacy, autism, brokerages, camps, disability resources, education, government, guardianship, housing, homeless resources, medical, recreation, therapy, transportation, utilities, vocational, and women. Each of these areas contribute to living a comfortable and self-reliant life. Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchical way to categorize our necessities for health and well-being. According to Maslow, people start by addressing their physiological needs then their safety needs, love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs (Martin, 14). His theory was that if people did not have their lower levels of needs met, then they could not fathom addressing the needs towards the top of the hierarchy like self-actualization. This premise is a lo t like current videogames; you must pass level one to unlock level two. Although needs may not work in this fashion, he did point out quite a few of our core needs, and Full Access provides resources for the disabled to better obtain these essentials. For instance, Full Access offers housing resources. They have links to mortgage and home ownership guides for the disabled. They show websites that contain information on affordable housing, landlord and tenant laws, andShow MoreRelatedAutism Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagescould support children on the spectrum to develop in the safe space of a drama group. The necessary social skills could be practised in drama class and appeared to support the integration of appropriate social behaviour (D’Amico et al., 2015:22). The description of the wider education background regarding some of the challenges faced by children with autism, including White Paper 6, revealed an awareness of the impact of disabilities that lead to the exclusion of children with disabilities in educationRead MoreTheme 1: Legislation. The Irish Constitution Enshrines1521 Words   |  7 Pageslive a full and responsible life within society. The State must ensure that children with disabilities have equal opportunities to participate fully in education through the removal of barriers that impede the realisation of their rights. International agreements and legislative provision for those with disabilities have witnessed considerable development. Worldwide, as people with disabilities challenged the stigmatising and limiting nature of segregated education, issues of equality of access andRead More Learning Disabilities: ADHD Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesLearning Disabilities: ADHD Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a condition that can affect any person’s behavior and way of life. In their book, Special Education, J.Ysseldyke and B. Algozzine state that no area has experienced as much growth as learning disabilities. It is by far the largest of all special education categories. Enormous changes in the last century have changed the way society treats children with disabilities. Psychologist William Lee Heward affirms that in theRead MoreDefinition Of Disability, Perception, Service, Delivery, And Services Delivery And Purpose Of Service Delivery1435 Words   |  6 Pageswill be reflecting a particular philosophy in relation to the following definition of disability, perception of disability, terminology, service delivery and purpose of service delivery. It will also discuss Social Minority Model. What exactly is Social Minority Model? It can be described as the social model of disability optically discerns the issue of disability as a conv ivially engendered quandary and a matter of the full integration of individuals into society. In this model, incapacitationRead MoreLearning Disabilities And The Early Stages Of A Disability1650 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Learning disabilities are something a lot of people have to do it. It is a problem that affects many people around the world, and causes a lot of frustration. This people will cover the general definition of what other s ability is, and explain a little bit what it is. It will also go over some myths that are prevalent when it comes to her and Billy s learning disabilities. It will cover the criteria that needs to be met to receive the proper diagnosis and treatment for a child or youngRead MorePersonal Reflection : Wheelchair And Accessible Public Buildings1534 Words   |  7 PagesChapter 1 Introduction Wheelchair and accessible public buildings Personal Reflection â€Å"My life revolves around my two children. They see me as ‘Mummy’, not a person in a wheelchair and do not judge me or our life. This is now changing as my efforts to be part of their life is limited by the physical access of schools, parks and shops; the attitudes of other parents; and the reality of needing 8 hours support a day with personal care†¦.. I cannot get in to the houses of my children’s friends and mustRead MoreAutism Research Paper794 Words   |  4 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorders are developmental disabilities with lifelong effects for the person. They are characterized by the repetitive behaviors exhibited by the client with social and communication deficits as well. Clients with ASDs have unusual abilities to learn, they struggle with paying attention and may react inappropriately with extreme tantrums to different sensations. ASDs include and are not limited to autistic disorder, pervasive developmental disorder, atypical autism and AspergerRead MoreEssay about Unit 53 Equality and Inclusion1425 Words   |  6 PagesIN HEALTH, SOCIAL OR CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SETTINGS 1.1 Diversity- Two definitions of Diversity are: Diversity- acknowledgement of and respect for their individuality. Diversity- celebrating differences and valuing everyone. By respecting visible and invisible differences everyone can feel valued for their contribution, beneficial for both the individual and the setting. Equality- Two definitions of Equality are: Equality- equal opportunities to develop and learn while their physicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Hearing On Children With Disabilities1453 Words   |  6 PagesChristian Popoca According to the Americans with Disabilities Act, individuals with disabilities include those who have impairments that substantially limit a major life activity, have a history or record of a substantially limiting impairment, or are regarded as having a disability. Deaf people are limited in some functions because of an impairment of hearing. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports â€Å"deaf† individuals do not hear well enough to rely on their hearing to processRead MoreDisability As Defined By The Act Person With Disability Act1680 Words   |  7 PagesDefining Disability Disability as defined by the act Person With Disability Act, 1995 covers blindness, low vision, leprosy-cured, hearing impairment, locomotor disability, mental retardation and mental illness as well as multiple disabilities. â€Å"Any lack resulting from impairment of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for human being†. (World Health Organization, 2001) Autism: â€Å"A condition of uneven skill development primarily affecting the communication

Self Driving Cars - 638 Words

Imagine laying in bed watching your favorite movie, playing your favorite video game, or listening to your favorite song. Now, imagine that on your way to work or to the store. Self driving cars could make this a possibility. We have been tinkering with ideas for autonomous vehicles for almost a century and a few companies have even been successful in designing a fully functioning self driving car. Roads full of these video game-esque cars controlled by artificial intelligence or other means of autonomy may not be as distant in the future as one might think. This, being a drastic change in the way we travel, could cause many issues. Due to these potential issues, it is in our best interest to raise questions before we implement these technologies. One possible question is: have we thought out any ramifications this might cause, and if so, do we have an approach to fix them? Engineers have been tinkering with ideas for driverless vehicles since the 1920s. In 1925 the first driverless car, named the Linrrican Wonder, was taken through traffic jams up broadway and across fifth avenue in New York. The Linrrican Wonder was controlled by a car following behind sending radio signals to small electric motors. Later, in 1953, RCA Laboratories designed a mini car that ran along wires on the floor. Five years later, they built a full sized model and demonstrated it by putting detector circuits under the road that sent signals to the car and controlled the steering and brakes. RCAShow MoreRelatedA Self Driving Car1623 Words   |  7 Pagessince 1920 people have begun to envision and research the possibility of a self-driving car. Autonomous cars are no longer a simply an idea for the future with current technologies we are very close to having consumer product available. Now the question is are autonomous cars going to be safe for the road. With new technology be ing developed and refined many company have begun to design their own versions of autonomous cars. Based on the huge backing of companies combined with possibilities of modernRead MoreSelf-Driving Cars3784 Words   |  16 PagesJames Fitzgerald College of Saint Joseph English Composition Research Paper Self-driving Cars and Vehicular Networking This paper will present information about self-driving cars and smart transportation systems. The technological barriers, security concerns and privacy issues concerning the implementation of these new systems will be addressed. The impact they will have on society, business, and government will be explored. Supporting data from research papers, news articles, and industry reportsRead MoreSelf Driving Cars Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-driving cars are beneficial because they’re going to improve the safety and reduce traffic in our society. According to Urmson, Chris and Whittaker, â€Å"each year more than 1.2 million people die in traffic accidents† (66) with this information we can we see there is a need for change. Vehicle crashes are one of the main reasons many people die in their first half of life than any other cause. There are many different benefits that these self-driving vehicles will offer that will cause changeRead MoreImportance Of Self Driving Ca rs1036 Words   |  5 Pageswe should have self driving cars is because they are a lot safer than regular cars. According to a Business Insider article, â€Å"Driverless cars are designed to have almost a superhuman-like ability to recognize the world around them.† This shows that they are a lot safer than regular cars because it says they have a â€Å"superhuman ability† This is way better than just a regular driver. The way these cars work is by having cameras on all sides, so this â€Å"ability† is a reference to the cars getting all thatRead MoreConcept Of Self Driving Cars1428 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The concept of self-driving cars has been a dream of humankind since the invention of the first self-propelled vehicle. The notion of boarding a vehicle without having to be attentive or vigilant has driven the automotive industry over the years to seek an alternative to the driver-dependent car. Years of research and testing have led to major advancements in the technology necessary to operate these cars, leading many to believe that autonomous cars will be a reality in the very nearRead MoreSelf Driving Cars Essay797 Words   |  4 Pages Self-Driving Cars a threat to America? What’s the one thing you have been looking forward to when you turn sixteen? Of course get to drive legally, but self-driving cars could take that special moment away from you. In a recent article published in 2016, it stated that self-driving cars are no longer science fiction; these cars will have many advantages and disadvantages. To start off self-driving cars are monitored by computers and those can glitch. Self driving cars are programmed to obey theRead MoreThe Invention Of The Self Driving Car1357 Words   |  6 Pagesyourself, â€Å"Are self driving vehicles even possible?† Well, the simple answer is yes. In fact, the self driving car and other self driven forms of transportation, like autopilot, have already been invented. The exception being that the self driving car is still being tested before becoming commercially available. It truly is amazing how much has been done in such a short period of time. Go back 20 years and some of these ideas seemed complete ly impossible. Autopilot and the self driving car are significantRead MoreA Report On Self Driving Car2724 Words   |  11 PagesEXECUTIVE SUMMARY A self-driving car, also known as an autonomous vehicle, is a car capable of making decisions without human input. A successful self-driving car should be able to perform the tasks of a traditional passenger vehicle, but on its own. The major technologies that go into a self-driving car are LIDAR, radar, cameras, sonar, and GPS technology. The LIDAR allows for a mapping of the environment, the radar allows for the accurate determination of the speed of the cars surrounding it, theRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Driving Cars1649 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping automotive cars that will not depend on drivers or even the use of a wheel. Automotive cars hold a great promise in three specific values, which are reduced traffic with improved fuel economy, lower accidents, and accessibility for people with disabilities. But there are also three issues that should be considered, such as the psychological impact, the price of these vehicles, and the methods that are going to be implemented to ma ke these cars work. The era of self-driving cars is beneficial inRead MoreThe Barriers Of Self Driving Cars1802 Words   |  8 PagesLegalizing Self-Driving Cars in America An examination of the legal liabilities surrounding the developing technology involved in autonomous vehicles in the United States of America By Hannah Say Intro to Business Law Wesner November 17, 2015 Introduction This paper will analyze the key legal issues with respect to legalizing self-driving cars in the United States of America. The legal issues to be analyzed will include†¦ †¢ How many people say they would buy a self-driving car

Civil Penalties and Responsive Regulation

Questions: 1. What common law duty and statutory duty if any has Julian breached? 2. What common law or statutory duty have Sol and Daniel breached? 3. If the directors have breached their duties do any of them have a defence and if not what are the consequences for them? Answers: 1. In this question, the issue is if Julian had breached her duties as the director of Property Developments Ltd. The issue arises because Julian had failed to disclose a relationship with Gerald and also due to the fact that she had helped her brother Raphael in securing the contract from Property Developments Ltd. There are certain duties that have to be followed by the directors. These duties are statutory (imposed by the Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth)) and they are also imposed by the common law. In this case, the common law provides that the director should act bona fide. For this purpose, the directors are required to give preference to the interests of the corporation instead of their personal interests. This common law duty is called the duty of good faith. Therefore, in view of this duty the directors should act bona fide and give preference to the interests of their corporation as compared to their personal interests (Welsh, 2009). In this case, Julian can also be held liable for the breach of the statutory duties that are imposed on the directors. As mentioned above, the Corporations Act, 2001 describes these duties for the directors. The relevant duty in the present case is the duty mentioned in section 181. According to this duty, when the directors are exercising the powers that have been given to them and when they are discharging their duties, it is required that the directors have to act in good faith. For this purpose, the directors have an obligation to act for a proper purpose (Keay, 2001). On the other hand, the law will consider that this duty has been breached by the directors if the powers given to the directors are used by them for any improper purpose. This remains the case even if the director is under the impression that they have acted honestly. Hence, even if no loss has been caused to Property Developments Ltd., still Julian can be held liable for breaching her duties. It can also be said that Julian had also breached the the duty t hat has been mentioned in section 182. This duty provides that the directors are prohibited from improperly using their position. Hence, the law provides that the directors should not be position improperly. It is said that a director has used the position improperly if the director was trying to achieve an advantage for themselves or for any other person or try to cause a detriment to their corporation. In the present case, Julian acted for achieving a benefit for her uncle Gerald and for her brother Rafael. 2. The other two directors of the company can also be held liable for the breach of their duties. For instance, it can be said that Sol and Daniel had breached the common law duty which it was the directors to act with care and diligence. Similarly, the duty prescribed by the Corporations Act, 2001 in section 588G has also been reached by them. According to this duty, it is required that the directors have to prevent their corporation from trading if they suspect the presence of reasonable grounds due to which it can be said that the company may be insolvent. According to the duty of care and diligence, it is necessary that all the directors of corporation should remain unaware of the financial affairs of the company. Such knowledge includes information regarding the solvency of the corporation (Anderson, 2006). This is a very important duty and the directors cannot hide behind the fact that they had delegated this responsibility to some other person. The result is that the ignorance of the directors concerning the affairs of the company cannot act as an excuse, especially when the directors themselves can be held liable for this ignorance. As a result of this duty, the law requires that questions should be asked by the directors whenever any information is put before them. This will allow the directors to become sure that such information represents the real position related with the corporation. 3. As it has been concluded in this case that the directors of property developments Ltd. have breached their duties, it needs to be seen in this question if they have a defense available to them. Similarly it also needs to be considered if a defense is not available, what penalties can be imposed on them. The business judgment rule, which was a rule of the common law and was also included in the Corporations Act, provides a defense to the directors (Fridman, 1998). Hence now section 180(2) provides that a defense will be available to the directors if the judgment has been made by them in good faith. Another requirement is that the judgment should be made for a proper purpose and no personal interest of the directors should be involved in it. The rule also requires that the directors have an obligation to properly inform themselves regarding the subject matter and it should be rationally believed by them that the judgment that they're going to make, is in the best interests of the co mpany. Hence in the present case, the defense is not available to the directors, they may have to face the consequences for the breach of their duties. The Corporations Act also prescribes civil as well as criminal penalties for the breach of duties by the directors. Under the civil penalties, a fine up to $200,000 may be imposed on the directors. In case of the criminal penalties, imprisonment up to five years and a penalty up to $200,000 may be imposed on the directors. References Anderson, H (2006) Creditors rights of recovery 30 Melb Uni LR 1 Fridman, S. (1998) An Analysis of the Proper Purpose Rule, 10 Bond Law Review 164 Keay, A (2001) The directors duty to take into account the interests of company creditors: When is it triggered? 25 Melb Uni LR 315 Welsh, M., (2009) Civil penalties responsive regulation: The gap between theory practice 33 Melb Uni LR 908