The Effect of a Change in Language of Instruction on the Returns to Schooling in Morocco Essay Example for Free

The Effect of a Change in Language of Instruction on the Returns to Schooling in Morocco Essay According to this journal, in the last few decades, language reform has been a strong movement throughout the Kingdom of Morocco from a primarily French speaking country, to an Arabic speaking one. In the schools, the French teachers were removed and replaced with native speaking ones. Although the Curriculum changed, the books language did not, because many of the jobs available are in a French speaking language and nation. So, the economic value of the Moroccan people speaking French is greater than only speaking Arabic. In 1983, A process named â€Å"Arabization† by many, removed the French language and replaced it with Arabic. In schools in Morocco, many parents left their children in middle school until there was room for them in secondary school. In this article they have correlated the similarities between speaking the French language and The economy, and how each has affected each other. Islamic Radicalism Slows Moroccan Reforms. Steven Erlanger and Souad Mekhennet. New York Times. 26 August, 2009. According to this article, Morocco has been viewed as â€Å"a rare, liberalizing, Islamic State†¦that can live in peace with Israel. † (NY Times) King Mohammed VI is under extreme Islamic pressure and has slowed the pace of change. Although he says he is focused on democracy, according the article, it is more of just a facade. Many of the head officials have talked of a balance between freedom and democracy but many are worried of extremism. In 2003, bombings by Islamic radicals have increased tension in Morocco, and may have thwarted the attempts to make it a more accepting society. Since the Bombings, there has been a major crackdown on extremists in the country, going so far as to jail someone for having a long beard, and accusing them of terrorist activities because of this. Some say this is all over the top and the arrests are based on circumstantial evidence, but others such as Morocco’s intelligence leader stated that it was not based on political parties but a crack-down on terrorism. The king has decided to rid the country of the slums, in an attempt to smut out all radicalism. Although this crackdown has removed some extremism , it has interfered with human rights, especially that of people in jail. Background Note: Morocco. U. S Department of State. Bureau of Northeastern affairs. 12 March, 2012. This United states government website gives a profile of the geography, people, government, and economics of the Kingdom of Morocco. The location is North Africa on the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. The population is listed as 34,859,364 people. Their GDP as of 2010 was $90. 5 million. According to this article, the Moroccan people are mainly Sunni Muslims of Arab descent. Arabic is Morocco’s official language but French is most widely taught. It also states that most people live west of the Atlas mountains, near Casablanca. Although education is compulsory, the average literacy rate is surprisingly low, around 30% for women, and approximately 65% for men, but in rural areas is expected to be about only 10% for women. During World War II there was a strong campaign for independence from France. Morocco finally gained its independence on March 2nd, 1956. Currently Moroccan Government is ruled by a monarchy, but now has a stronger parliament to help improve democracy and human rights. Introducing Morocco. Lonely Planet. Website. 20 January 2012. http://www. lonelyplanet. com/morocco This Travel site describes Morocco as a sensory overload. Tangier is considered a common first port of call, but Casablanca is the most recognizable due to its popularity from portrayals in movies. Their monetary system is the Dirham, which is comparable, 1 USD= 8. 15 (DH). It also states that their chief of state is Mohammad VI. The Article says that Malaria is no longer a problem in the country. CIA. The World Fact book. Website. https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2049. html This site explains the main exports of Morocco, which are clothing and textiles, electrical components, crude minerals, fertilizers, petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, and fish. It is a very diverse, open-market economy. The economy over the years has seen steady growth with low inflation rates. The core of the economy revolves around agriculture, tourism, and apparel. Although they have had slow economic success, they still suffer from unemployment and poverty. Key challenges for the Moroccan economic system includes fighting corruption and reducing government spending. In 2006, Morocco entered a Free Trade Agreement with the United States, the only African country to have one. Morocco’s Labor force as of 2011 has 11. 6 million people approximately.

Theories of Cesare Lombroso: Born Criminal

Theories of Cesare Lombroso: Born Criminal In this report I will be exploring the theories developed by Italian criminologist, Cesare Lombroso and the ethical implications of his work. He was the founder of the Italian school of Criminology, and is also considered to be one of the pioneers of the field due to his world wide appeal and notorious studies and ideas. Cesare Lombroso was born in Verona, Italy in November 1835 and died in October 1909. His work gained a lot of attention in the area of criminology during the end of the 19th century and has been hugely influential since. His ideas have spread not just through Europe and the United States of America but across the world. His work has attracted many admirers and critics and sparked many debates on the grounds of ethics and morality. He is often referred to and considered as the father of modern criminology (Wolfgang, 1972:232). He studied at universities in Italy and France and specialised in the fields of mental health, medicine and criminology. He was the director of an insane asylum, he then became a professor of forensic medicine and hygiene and later became a professor in criminal anthropology (Wolfgang 1972), though he is best know as the founder of the Italian school of Criminology. Lombroso abandoned the recognized Classical school of thought (eighteenth century work of Jeremy Bentham and Cesare Beccaria) which assumed that people have free will in decision making. Instead he drew upon theories from physiognomy, eugenics, psychiatry and social Darwinism. Lombroso fundamentally stated that criminal behaviour was inherent and that a born criminal could be identified from their physical imperfections, which defined a criminal as atavistic or as an evolutionary throwback. Lombrosos ideas come out at a time when Italy was going through many social and economic problems, poverty and police corruption where among a few them. There were also concerns with recidivism and prison population. Whats more, the cost of policing cities and imprisoning criminals was ever growing. Every one of of these issues increased public awareness in crime and criminal behaviour, and as prisons growingly became over populated more importance was placed on predicting and identifying individuals that were liable to commit crime, this raises ethical questions of prejudice and discrimination. Lombrosos general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from non criminals by multiple physical anomalies. He claimed that criminals represented degeneration to a primitive type of man characterized by physical features similar to that of apes and early man. (Atavistic behaviour the tendency to revert to ancestral type) Lombroso popularised the notion of the born criminal through biological determinism, claiming that criminal behaviour was not free will but biologically determined (opposes classical school). He claimed that criminals have particularly distinct physical attributes and abnormalities. He drew upon concepts from; Physiognomy which attempts to approximate personality or character traits based on physical features from the face or the body; Eugenics, which is the study of selective breeding applied to humans; Psychiatry, which is the treatment and study of mental disorders and social Darwinism or popularly known as survival of the fittest. Lombroso became convinced that the born criminal could be anatomically identified by physical atavistic stigmas such as; large jaws, low slanting foreheads, high cheekbones, flattened or upturned nose, handle shaped ears, prominent chins, hawk like noses, fleshy lips, shifty eyes, scanty beard or baldness, insensitivity to pain and long arms. These were all apparent indicators of criminality. Lombrosos theory of the born criminal or of atavism was influenced by his medical background. Whilst at university he achieved a degree in medicine and in surgery. Throughout his time at university he developed an interest in psychology, which later advanced into an interest in psychiatry. Lombroso volunteered as a medical doctor for the army, during this time he observed 3000 soldiers and attempted to measure their physical differences (Wolfgang 1972). Lombroso supported the study of individuals using skull measurements in compiling data. He attempted to develop a scientific method to calculate criminal behaviour and identify individuals capable of the most aggressive and sadistic types of criminal activity. It was from this experience of examining soldiers that he formed his observations on tattooing. He later identified tattooing as a characteristic of a criminal. The essential idea of Lombrosos work came to him as he autopsied the body of an Italian criminal. Whilst looking at the skull of the criminal he noticed certain characteristics that were similar to that of skulls of inferior races and/or of apes. Lombroso carried out research through years of post-mortem examinations and anthropometric studies of criminals, the insane and normal individuals. His research methods were clinical and descriptive, with precise details of skull dimensions and other measurements. However he did not have adequate control groups which might have altered his general conclusions. Lombroso also studied female criminality. This began with measurements of females skulls and photographs in his search for atavism. He found that female criminals were rare and showed little signs of degeneration. Lombroso argued it was the females natural passivity that withheld them from breaking the law, as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to become criminal. Further, women who commit crimes had different physical characteristics, such as excessive body hair, wrinkles, and an abnormal skull (Lombroso 1980). In attempting to predict criminality by the shapes of the skulls and other physical features of criminals, he had in effect created a new pseudoscience of forensic phrenology and craniometry. Ethics was not an issue for Lombroso during his lifetime because his work was carried out in a time when poverty, police corruption and crime rates were at a high. It was also a period in which many states of Italy were ruled by foreign powers such as Austria and France. Italy was divided into separate states, for example the Papal State, Venice and the Kingdom of two Sicilys. These divisions meant that Italy did not have a combined sense of national direction. There was also a history of a wealthy and poor divide between the north and south of Italy. The north of Italy had a history of wealth and it also became Europes foremost producer of silk. However the south of Italy had a record of being poor. The main resource of the south of Italy was farming but any advances in farming techniques practised in the north of Italy and throughout Europe had not reached the south and several regions had turned to crime and banditry. Education was poor and many children went to work on the farms and in sulphur mines. It was from this poverty and lack of education that the Sicilian mafia was formed during the mid 1800s. Crime, poverty and police corruption were among just a few of the social and economic problems faced by the country, and to add to its woes, Italy was one of the most over crowded countries in Europe. This led to less jobs being available and those jobs that were available offered low wages, taxes were high and crime rates were increasing, this in turn led to over crowded prisons and a higher rate of recidivism due to a lack of opportunities for those newly released from incarceration. This then led to a higher cost of policing all of the cities and imprisoning criminals and repeat offenders. There was a strong distinction between the industrial liberal north and the agricultural, conservative south. However, many of the people of Italy had hoped that unification of the country would end the poverty and in time reduce crime rates. This was not the case, though many parts of the north of Italy had advanced the country was still in turmoil and by the time Italy had gained Independence and was unified it was a relatively new yet weak country. It is then, for all of these reasons that I believe ethics was not an issue for Lombroso. He provided the people of Italy with an answer or a reason to why certain people acted criminally or were criminals. People for hundreds of years have believed in the typical stereotypes of criminals. A person was labelled a criminal if they had shifty eyes, was unshaven or gruff looking, had a bent posture or a muscular physique. Lombrosos work gave scientific confirmation to back up and support this common way of thinking. His work, therefore, ethical or not, was not questioned. His theories also provided a new way to study crime; it allowed or helped the police to identify criminals before these criminals actually committed any sort of crime. Lombrosos idea of the born criminal raises the question of nature vs. nurture. The classical school of thought holds that crime is acted upon free will and choices made by the individual. However, Lombroso believed that criminals were born with the innate desire and inclination to commit crime or that they had some form of genetic or mental disorder which caused them to become criminals; such as sufferers of epilepsy and schizophrenia. He believed that there was a correlation between the born criminal and the mentally retarded in addition to the epileptic. In addition, Lombroso argued that although the rates of crime were low for females, they were fiercer in their actions. He held the idea that women were like children; they were unforgiving, envious, morally lacking and predisposed to spitefulness (Lombroso 1980). Also, as well as distinctive physical characteristics being identifiers of a criminal, he believed that criminal slang and tattooing were indicative of criminals. His theories raise many ethical issues; if his ideas were practised today there would be an outrage and an outcry of immorality. If Lombrosos work was being considered by an ethics committee today, they would firstly have to consider a number of major ethical issues, such as; what is being studied, who is being studied and how is the study going to be carried out. The first issue of what is being studied is not so much an ethical concern because crime, crime reduction and criminal behaviour have always been studied as it is an immense social need. However, the second issue of who is being studied brings to light many ethical concerns within Lombrosos work. More often than not, focus for research is put on the poor and minorities, ignoring the middle classes that may be committing white collar crime. In Lombrosos case he focused on ethnic minorities, namely black people and those with physical or mental abnormalities, ignoring other causative factors such as poverty, involvement in illegal activity and a low standard or a lack of education. One must then ask the question; is it ethical to publicise prejudiced or subjective research findings which lead to further prejudice and discrimination. Also Lombrosos study of female criminality raises ethical questions; he considered them inferior and incapable of committing crime, however those that did commit crime shared the same characteristics as their male counterparts, such as physical or mental abnormalities. The third issue of how the study is going to be conducted also raises a number of ethical concerns. Lombrosos methods included observing soldiers whilst volunteering for medical services in the army; he also received permission to study mental patients in a hospital in Pavia (Wolfgang 1972). One must ask whether or not the people he observed were aware of the fact that they were being studied in an effort to prove the significance of physical and mental abnormalities in relation to crime and crime rates. He also lacked adequate control groups which may have altered his conclusions; this then raises questions about the accuracy of his data. Though nobody could be directly, physically harmed the consequences of being branded a criminal purely on physical appearances or mental fragility, in this day and age, would be terrible. Not only were his ideas unethical and prejudiced, but they were racist and sexist. The assumption that someone is born criminal takes away peoples ability of choice and one could argue that this implies we as individuals have no free will and if we appear different, dependent on the definition of normal, then we are criminals or at least inclined that way. His ideas have a huge potential for harm as they abandon all other possibilities and causes of delinquency. Poverty, alcoholism, involvement in criminal activity, social class and poor or lack of education were all factors of crime but were ignored. Lombrosos ideas came at a convenient time which allowed the higher class to not take into account the existing social problems and possible reasons for crime. However, Lombrosos theories were later shown to be highly inconsistent or plainly inexistent, and theories based on the environmental causation of criminality became dominant. Although Cesare Lombroso is regarded as a pioneer of criminology, his work came under heavy criticism with social scientists and also raised many ethical questions. Lombroso was hugely criticised for his theories regarding the born criminal, atavism and phrenology. However, there are criminologists today that would argue that criminals are indeed born that way. There are also many that believe that brain pathology is a cause of violent crime. Let us not forget though that he paved the way for others to examine the influence of biology relating to criminal behaviour. Although his theories have been scientifically discredited, Lombroso had the plus point of bringing up the importance of the scientific studies of the criminal mind, a field which became known as criminal anthropology. Also despite the unscientific nature of his theories, Lombroso was hugely influential throughout the world. However, considering all of Lombrosos theories and the ethical implications of his work, one could argue that if his work was brought in front of an ethics committee today, he would be rejected ethics approval to carry out any further studies or research, as it is the responsibility of the ethics committee to protect the rights, safety and welfare of any persons involved in any kind of research or study. A Philosophy of Graphic Design: Moving So Fast A Philosophy of Graphic Design: Moving So Fast Every new movement in graphic design played a major historical role and contributed to the latest of todays digital revolution. From pictographs and the innovation of the alphabetic system to photomontage, it seems that time flew by. Appreciate the artists and designers that have made possible the field of graphic design. What is Graphic Design? Go beyond the perception of an image into a field of art and design. When I look at art I interpret the image the way I want to, but when I see graphic design I automatically assume propaganda and decipher the message of its designer. My view of graphic design is the different elements selected and certain guidelines followed to display a specific message to its audience. It sets off an emblematic communication in a visual form. Modernism in Design In the 20th century, graphic designers pursued complete freedom for their visual communications and graphic language of form. Contributors in the modern movement of design declared to be anti-art and they developed adverse fundamentals. Their designs reflected a distasted view as a reaction of deficient ethical codes and the world war. Modernism brought the inspirations of cubism, dada (the style and techniques of a group of artists and writers of the early 20th c. who exploited accidental and incongruous effects in their work and who programmatically challenged established canons of art, thought, and morality, ch.13 pg. 2), surrealism, expressionism, and futurism (a revolutionary movement in which all the arts were to test their ideas and forms against the new realities of scientific and industrial society, ch.13 pg. 1) in reference to be relieved of traditional guidelines and phonetic characters of typographic design. The modernism movement was influenced by Fortunato Deperos (1892-1960, was among the artists who applied futurist philosophy to graphic and advertising design, he produced a dynamic body of work in poster, typographic, and advertising design, ch.13 pg. 4) work. As a young painter he shifted his designs towards futurism and in 1927 he published Depero futurista. Calligrammes (poems in which the letterforms are arranged to form a visual design, figure, or pictograph, Ch.13 pg. 2) was a book published in 1918 by Guillaume Apollinaire (1880-1918, French poet who was closely associated with the cubists and was involved in a rivalry with Filippo Marinetti, ch.13 pg. 4) who introduced the concept of different views in the same work. John Heartfield (1891-1968, was a Berlin Dadaist who held vigorous revolutionary political beliefs and oriented many of their artistic activities toward visual communications to raise public consciousness and promote social change, ch.13 pg. 4) fashioned visual communications to stimulate community attentiveness and improvement. Heartfield used photomontage (the technique of manipulating found photographic images to create jarring juxtapositions and chance associations, ch. 13 pg. 2) as an active propaganda deterrent. Futurism was a responsive type of poetry that indicated modernism. Futurism also strained poets and graphic designers to reconsider the disposition of the typographic word and its significance. Kasimir Malevich (1878-1935, founded a painting style of basic forms and pure color that he called suprematism, Ch. 15, 9g. 2) approached futurism and cubism but then created an unintentional style in the belief that the spirit of the art skill was the effect of color and form that it had on a persons perception. Suprematism/ Constructivism The modern-art movements and the interaction requirements of the world war distressed the attitude toward poster design. Futurisms belligerent and progressive methods were embraced by the Dadaists, de stijl, and constructivists (criticized abstract painters for their inability to break the umbilical cord connecting them to traditional art and boasted that constructivism had moved from laboratory work to practical application, ch.15 pg. 1). Lucien Bernhard (1883-1972, repainted the proper 19th c. dà ©cor of his familys home while his father was away on a three-day business trip, ch.14 pg. 2) attended Munich Glaspalast Exhibition of Interior Decoration at age fifteen and he also encouraged Plakatstil (the reductive, flat-color design school that emerged in Germany early in the 20th century, ch.14 pg. 1). His captivating perception of colors motivated his paintings. When he ran away from home he became an unsuccessful poet and entered a poster contest; his poster became the first-prize winner after Ernst Growald convinced the jury members that it was brilliant although it was originally vetoed. This self-taught young artist probably did not realize it at the time, but he had moved graphic communications one step further in the simplification and reduction of naturalism into a visual language of shape and sign. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 14/pg. 270) Bernhard also designed trademarks and typefaces. The posters of Ludwig Hohlwein (1874-1949, a leading Plakatstil designer of Munich, ch.14 pg. 3) initiated his career as a graphic illustrator. His initial inspiration was the Beggarstaffs, but unlike the Beggarstaffs and Bernhard, he applied texture and decorative pattern to the shapes of his images and incorporated bold, sans-serif type, which sometimes became part of the image. Later, he introduced gradation and tone to his simple, powerful shapes making them more naturalistic. After World War I, cubist ideas inspired a new direction in pictorial images called art deco. The influences included cubism, the Bauhaus, and Suprematism (a painting style of basic forms and pure color founded by Kasimir Malevich, ch.15 pg. 1). The modern eras streamlining, zigzag, and ornamental geometry still fulfilled the desires of art nouveau. Edward McKnight Kauffer (1890-1954, an American graphic designer who worked in London incorporating cubism directly into his work, ch.14 pg. 3) and A. M. Cassandre (1901-1968, a Ukrainian immigrant who played major role in defining the approach of incorporating cubism directly into his work, ch.14 pg. 3) contributed an immense part in defining this new method. Kauffer showed how cubism could be used as a robust communicative impact for graphic design. Cassandre had achieved an integrated structure and brief implication of graphic design. Other important graphic designers and illustrators of this era offered an unbiased breakdown of the arousing importance of visual fundamentals that was formed during World War II. Russia held the origins of suprematism and constructivism, although Holland was lured more into the movement of de Stijl. El Lissitzky (influenced by Kasimir Malevich and applied suprematist theory to constructivism in which he transformed suprematist design elements into political symbolism for communication purposes, Ch. 15, pg. 3) brought the ideas of suprematism and constructivism into Western Europe. De Stijl Art was not the drive for designers everyday goal. The De Stijl (this movement was launched in the Netherlands in the late summer of 1917, ch.15 pg. 2) movement more of considered the everyday goal to be in the essence of art. Working in an abstract geometric style the leaders of this movement sought universal laws of equilibrium and harmony for art, which could then be a prototype for a new social order described by Theo van Doesburg (the founder and guiding spirit of the De Stijl movement who had also applied De Stijl principals to architecture, sculpture, and typography, ch.15 pg. 3). The leaders advocated the absorption of pre art by applied art. The spirit of art could then permeate society through architectural, product, and graphic design. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 15/pg. 299) Theo van Doesburg preferred to use sans-serif typefaces in his designs. Although influenced by cubism and constructivism, poster designers were conscious of the need to maintain a pictorial reference if their posters were to communicate persuasively with the general public; they walked a tightrope between the creation of expressive and symbolic images on the one hand and concern for the total visual organization of the picture plane on the other. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 14 pg. 269) The impact of modern art presented a type of momentum for graphics and also exposed an unrestrained correlation between design and imagery. The Bauhaus School of Design Pursuing a different consensus of art and technology, the Bauhaus School of Design was developed. By 1923 the Bauhaus school accentuated towards rationalism and design for the machine. Bauhaus moved to Dessau in 1925 because of unresolved issues with the local government. Under pre-meditated accusations of un-German typography and refusing a teaching job, Jan Tschichold (the son of a designer and sign painter in Leipzig, Germany, who applied the new design approaches to a wide audience of printers, typesetters, and designers through his book Die Neue Typographie, ch.16 pg. 3) was arrested by Nazis in 1933. He was known for producing a new style of typography that reflected traditional typography. The accomplishments and influences of the Bauhaus school created a viable, modern design movement spanning architecture, product design, and visual communications. A modernist approach to visual education was developed, and the facultys class preparation and teaching methods made a major contribution to visual theory. In dissolving the boundaries between fine and applied arts, the school tried to bring art into a close relationship with life by way of design, which was seen as a vehicle for social change and cultural revitalization. The Nazi Party were followers of Adolf Hitler, who wore brown shirts with red armbands bearing a black swastika in a white circle, dominated the Dessau city council, and cancelled Bauhaus faculty contracts in 1932 and the faculty voted to dissolve the school, and on August 10,1932 it closed. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 16/pg. 318) Piet Zwart (was an architect who had become a typographic designer, as well as a teacher, ch.16 pg. 3) fashioned a mixture of the Dada movements joyful essence and de Stijls simplicity. Zwart, created the word typotekt, which expressed the working process of the new typography as designs were fabricated from resources in the typecase. In 1933 Zwart was classified among the contemporary geniuses of the graphic design profession. The New York School Many of the pioneers of the New York School were either guest lecturers or served on the faculty of Yale Universitys graphic design program. This program contributed to the advancement of graphic design and design education throughout the world, as many of its alumni have become prominent designers and educators. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 19/pg. 382) Milton Glaser (b. 1929, he created images using flat shapes formed by thin, black-ink contour lines, adding color by applying adhesive color films, Ch. 21 pg. 4) taught design at the school of visual arts in new york. He became highly famous because of his I Love NY logo. Paul Rand (1914-1996, his magazine covers broke with the traditions of American publication design, manipulated visual form and skillful analysis of communications content, reducing it to a symbolic essence without making it sterile or dull, Ch. 19, pg. 2) understood the modern movement completely and began the American advance to modern design. Many artistic individuals were attracted to New York City and brought the driving of creativity during the 20th century. Paul Rand scrutinized a message by communicating it through dynamic visual form, and his incorporation of photography, drawing, and logo. From his success, Rand became an independent designer, especially in trademark and corporate design. His work inspired a generation of designers. New York City had been responsive to new ideas and images and in the 1950s-1960s new advances in graphic design were generated from typographic trends. Figurative typography (a playful direction taken by New York graphic designers, letterforms became objects; objects became letterforms, Ch. 19 pg. 1) surfaced among New York graphic designers. Gene Federico (1919-1999, was one of the first graphic designers to delight in using letterforms as images, Ch. 19 pg. 4) directed figurative typography and was one of the first graphic designers who used letterforms as images. Herb Lubalin (a total generalist whose achievements include advertising and editorial design, trademark and typeface design, posters, and packaging, Ch. 19 pg. 4) expressed the artistic capacity of phototypography, exposing negatives of alphabet characters to photographic papers, and therefore was known as the typographic genius of his time. He looked at characters of the alphabet as a way of giving visual form to a concept or message. Lubalin experimented with the elastic and dynamic qualities of phototypography which strengthened the printed image. Through his work and the founding of International Typeface Corporation (ITC), as well as UIc journal, his design styles impacted typographic design greatly in the 1970s. Corporate Identity During the 1950s, visual identification systems went further than Trademarks (any name or symbol registered and used by a manufacturer to identify its goods, Ch. 20 pg. 1). The regularity of how a trademark was used showed an efficiency of quality for its identity. Good design is good business was the call of supporters in the graphic design society. Some corporate leaders understood that companies needed a desirable design that specifically identified their company to ensure an independent reputation. American designers integrated corporate identity as a major design movement. The CBS trademark was the most successful trademark of the 20th c. due to the aptitude of art and design in corporate affairs that was understood perfectly by William Golden (1911-1959, CBS art director for almost two decades, Ch. 20 pg. 2) and CBSs president. Because they were considered the most legible type family, Unimarks (an international design firm founded in Chicago, Ch. 20 pg. 4) visual identity systems used Helvetica font and established design programs for many large clients. Unimark rejected personal design and pursued independence through the use of the grid. To overcome the technical limitations of early television, George Olden (1920-1975, established a graphics department to design on-air visuals for its new television division, he designed the United States postage stamp commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of the Emancipation Proclamation, Ch. 20 pg. 3) designed on-air graphics using simple symbolic imagery with an emphasis on concepts that quickly captured the essence of each program. In order to appeal to the viewer every time, a trademark should contain metaphoric and indistinct components as well as be comprehensible. On the picture to the left you can see an example of a corporate identity manual (a firms book of guidelines and standards for implementing its corporate identity program, Ch. 20 pg. 1) for International Paper created by Lester Beall. The distorted letters of I and P, to make a tree symbol, created controversy but continued to be used as a trademark for International Paper. Postmodern Design Designers shifted from modern design to a more biased design method of postmodernism (a climate of cultural change that challenged the order and clarity of modern design, Ch. 23, pg. 1). Postmodern designers, dissuaded of the International Typographic Style to pursue an extensive period of design opportunities, found motivation from historical references, decoration, and the vernacular. There were five key routes that postmodern design took; Swiss postmodern design, new-wave typography (this movement was characterized by a typographic revolt, as practitioners and teachers schooled in the International Typographic Style sought to reinvent typographic design, Ch. 23. Pg. 2), mannerism (stylish art of the 1500s that took liberties with the classical vocabulary of form, Ch. 23, Pg. 1), retro design (this movement was characterized by an uninhibited, eclectic interest in modernist European design, particularly in the decades between the world wars; a flagrant disregard for the rules of proper typography; and a fascination with eccentric typefaces designed and widely used during the 1920s and 1930s, Ch. 23, pg. 2) and vernacular design, and the electronic revolution of the late 1980s. Experts and teachers that went to the International Typographic Style School sought to reinvent typographic design. Wolfgang Weingart inspired the new direction by his experimental work and teaching which led to the invention of new-wave typography. As a playful geometry character with references to earlier cultures, the Memphis (a new movement in postmodern design of the 1980s; function became secondary to surface pattern and texture, color, and fantastic forms in the lamps, sofas, and cabinets of this movements designers, Ch. 23. Pg. 4) movement was born and stationed San Francisco as a creative center. Retro design first emerged in New York but had spread quickly throughout the world. Vernacular design and artistic and technical expression broadly characteristic of a particular historical period goes hand in hand with retro. Retro designer Neville Brody (English designer, his typographic configurations project an emblematic authority that evokes heraldry and military emblems, Ch. 23. Pg. 5) reemerged styles of the past. He drew inspiration from the geometric forms of the Russian constructivist artists, as well as the Dada experimental attitudes. Brody emerged as one of the more original graphic designers of the 1980s as he sought to discover an intuitive and logical approach to design. He also designed a series of geometric sans-serif typefaces and emblematic logo designs and his work was widely imitated. Designers in these movements were allotted to completely join language and historic methods into their work. Postmodernism indicated an essence of freedom and because of the magnifying possibilities; designers became inspired to further experiment. Digital Revolution Émigrà © Magazine Rudy VanderLans (Dutch graphic designer, 1955- ), Zuzana Licko (Cz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦1986 (creation) Digital technology obtained widespread recognition from designers however, it was rejected at first. This modern technology generated a process allowing designers to direct color, form, imagery, and space of design. The editor of Émigrà © (1984 magazine designed, edited, and published by R. VanderLans, Ch. 24 pg. 2) magazine Rudy VanderLans (b. 1955, Émigrà © magazine designer/editor, Ch. 24 pg. 5) and typeface designer Zuzana Licko (b. 1961, typeface designer, Ch. 24 pg. 5) adopted digital technology and assessed its artistic potential. Together they emerged successfully and founded Émigrà © Fonts because of their exploration of the new technology. During the 1990s accelerating progress in computers, software, and output devices enabled graphic designers to achieve results virtually identical to those of conventional working methods, for the promise of seamless on-screen color graphics had been fulfilled. Designers explored the unprecedented possibilities of computers and graphics software while at the same interest in handmade and expressionist lettering and images are renewed. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 24/ pg. 495) David Carson (shunned grid formats and a consistent approach to typographic layout, Ch. 24 pg. 6) transferred his career towards editorial design in the 1980s. He inspired young designers yet was condemned by others because of his vague work. Constant developments in digital technology will continue to change the communications industry. A process of redefining the very nature of communications, work, authorship, display media, and graphic design is underway. (Meggs and Purvis, Ch. 24/pg. 530) Intertwined with Graphic Design Each movement contributed to the development and progression of graphic design. Graphic design is a more defined process than art and is considered a commercial implication that focuses on visual communication and arrangement. Each new era increased the literacy of designers and improvised modern changes to establish a broader communication with the audience in a more innovative state. All the previous movements before the digital revolution made me realize that graphic design is more than art and is widely used. The metaphor that each graphic design imitates is fun an element that is not always expected or even appreciated by most people. I think that corporate identity, trademarks, and logos are probably the most common and easily found types of graphic design. As for the future, it will only get more creative and graphic design has the capability to ensure new innovation and complexity that will blow us away.

Iceland Ltd Human Resource Management Analysis

Iceland Ltd Human Resource Management Analysis The organization chosen for the given three tasks is Iceland Ltd. An affiliation cant come up with a superb gathering of working specialists without incredible Human Resources. The key components of the Human Resources Management (HRM) aggregate consolidate enrolling people, setting them up, execution assessments, awakening delegates and furthermore workplace correspondence, working environment security, and a great deal of other stuff. The HR executives devise courses of action and methodology for getting the right kind of people. They arrange the criteria which is most fitting for a specific expected arrangement of duties. Their diverse endeavors related to enrollment join figuring the duties of an agent and the degree of errands consigned to him or her. In light of these two factors, the understanding of a delegate with the association is prepared. At whatever point required, they also offer planning to the employees as demonstrated by the necessities of the affiliation. Henceforth, the staff people find the opportunity to sharpen their present capacities or make specific aptitudes which therefore, will help them to take up some new parts. A not too bad working condition is one of the points of interest that the agents can envision from a viable human resource gather. A secured, spotless and strong environment can draw out the best in a delegate. An intriguing air gives the staff people work satisfaction as well. The HR talks with the staff freely from time to time and gives all the critical information concerning their displays and besides describes their specific parts. This is invaluable as it engages them to shape a design of their normal destinations in much clearer terms and in this way, helps them execute the targets with most perfect attempts. 1.1 Human resource management is the new form of personnel management. There is no any watertight contrast between human resource management and personnel management. Be that as it may, there are a few contrasts in the accompanying matters. A HR administrators part is to guarantee that business directors apply HR arrangements and methods reliably through all specialty units. This creates organizations crosswise over various groups, which bolsters corporate points and targets. (Accounting-management, 2009) PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Personnel management is a customary approach of overseeing individuals in the association. Personnel management concentrates on faculty organization, worker welfare and work connection. Personnel management expect individuals as a contribution for accomplishing craved yield. Under personnel management, faculty capacity is attempted for representatives fulfillment. Under personnel management, work configuration is done on the premise of division of work. Under personnel management, representatives are given less preparing and advancement openings. In personnel management, choices are made by the top management according to the tenets and control of the association. Personnel management concentrates on expanded generation and fulfilled representatives. Personnel management is worried with personnel director. Personnel management is a standard capacity. Human resource management is a current approach of overseeing individuals and their qualities in the association. Human resource management concentrates on securing, improvement, inspiration and upkeep of HR in the association. Human resource management expect individuals as an imperative and significant resource for accomplishing coveted yield. Under human resource management, regulatory capacity is attempted for objective accomplishment. Under human resource management, work configuration capacity is done on the premise of gathering work/cooperation. Under human resource management, representatives are given all the more preparing and improvement openings. In human resource management, choices are made on the whole subsequent to considering representatives interest, power, decentralization, aggressive environment and so on. Human resource management concentrates on adequacy, culture, profitability and workers investment. Human resource management is worried with all level of administrators start to finish. Human resource management is a vital capacity. 1.2 In every association, there are a few functions tending to the motivations behind the association. Since human resource management is a fundamental and basic issue for association so HRM has additionally a few capacities like recruitment and choice, execution, preparing and improvement and so forth. Hiring demonstrates the entire exercises from circular for workers to definite selection. In this range expected set of responsibilities, circular, various composed or viva voice, transaction and last contract to the chose people. Preparing and improvement alludes to the basic learning and lessons about the information expected to play out the occupations. Representative advancement likewise alludes to develop workers as viable and proficient for particular employments. The association need to ensure that individuals they have the correct aptitudes and experience to execution work getting it done now and in future. To address the motivations behind Iceland, the human resource management duties are assuming an imperative part. Iceland has a reasonable and particular representative recruitment strategy. Iceland dependably lean towards quality as opposed to quantity. Iceland dependably attempt to favor the gifted, ability and shrewd representatives with no segregation. This recruitment approach is exceptionally adding to Iceland to guarantee todays lucrative position in market. Iceland has some master mentors by whom it acclimates the successful preparing and learning session. (Human resource management functions HR l concepts l topics l definitions l abour laws l online, no date) 1.3 (The HR Answer Book) It is past depiction matter that the parts and obligations of line chiefs of any association is critical to accomplish definitive objectives of that association (Bose lie, Dietz and Boon, 2005). Since the key capacities are administered by the line directors so line administrators ought to be exceptionally earnest, devoted, educated and legit. Iceland todays notoriety and lucrative position in market is being conceivable by a solid and particular administration framework. One of the remarkable component of this accomplishment is the parts and duties of line administrators. The parts and obligations of line directors of Iceland are particular. Line supervisors dependably regulate their subordinates appropriately. Line administrators of Iceland are exceptionally dependable regarding aiding and critical thinking in every day operations of their subordinates. In light of the way of life of Iceland, there is a solid relationship between the line chiefs and their subordinates. This relationship helps the workers take Iceland as their own particular association. Furthermore, by dint of this relationship situation Iceland is presently at this level. 1.4 (The HR Answer Book) From the earliest starting point of 21st century, business associations and its exercises are administered by a certain and compelling institutional administrative structure. This administrative system impact the general exercises of business association. Whats more, human resource management is a key issue to be impacted by administrative structure. Administrative system is quite impact the human resource office when organization goes for universal operations for business exhibitions. Iceland is intense and delicate as far as separation in human resource administration work on concerning the moral and legitimate point of view of lawful edge work. Human resource administration division of Iceland is additionally affected by lawful structure in wording on work question, work relations, work rights, remuneration, representative workplace, association demeanor towards its workers etc. The another zone of human resource administration to be impacted by lawful system is equivalent worker opportunity. So the effect of administrative system of Iceland positive as Iceland dependably attempt to accomplish the best by its dedication to satisfy the standards and directions law and morals. 2.1 (The Big Book of HR) It is said that, a right plan is half of done. Human resource arranging alludes the procedure and system and assurance the necessities of an associations human resource. Arranging is must for an association. Without appropriate arranging no action can be performed splendidly for most extreme cases. Since human resource administration is a crucial element for association so significance of getting ready for human resource is exceptionally fundamental. There are some vital explanations behind Iceland making arrangements for human resource arranging. Some of those motivations to be talked about at this point. Firstly Iceland dependably attempts to make the connecting between associations procedure to human resource arranging. Iceland likewise requirements for making arrangements for evaluating momentum HR, deciding the interest for work, anticipating the future work supply, finding or looking the required representatives, coordinating the request and supply for work. Human resource arranging helps Iceland to deal with its human resource adequately and effectively. 2.2 (Michael Armstrong Armstrongs Handbook on Human Resources Management) For human resource recruitment there are some standard stages that can be received by an association. Those stages are practically normal for medium and substantial size of associations. Be that as it may, for accomplishing or benefiting upper hands as far as human resource numerous associations are currently honing at those phases in to some degree diverse ways. Iceland is exceptionally notable and popular brand in the business world as far as its cooperative attitude regarding representative determination process and worker and boss relationship. For this Iceland needs to receive some recruitment stages viably and proficiently. Two noteworthy phases of Iceland recruitment of workers are recruiting sources and meeting the association. Firstly Iceland should attempt to keep up by its recruiting sources by inside source, worker referrals and suggestions, outside hunts with notice, representative office, school, college, spontaneous candidates. Whats more, meeting the association incorporates resumes gathering, some last comments, viva voice lastly the recruitment is happened. 2.3 Recruitment and choice process is one of the real issues of human resource administration. A definitive achievement or disappointment significantly relies on upon recruitment and determination procedure of any association. Recruitment and determination process differs from association to association and nation to nation. A few contrasts are seen between the recruitment and determination procedure of Iceland and Tesco, Sainsburys. From the foundation of Iceland it has been realized that Iceland take after a reasonable and non-segregation for recruitment and choice process. Corporate administrations are completely trailed by it. Adjacent to that it attempt to choose the dynamic, keen, informative individuals. Iceland recruitment and determination handle begins with ad and finishes with useful or demo session. The huge contrasts are seen amongst Iceland and three others specified above in recruitment and choice process regarding inside determination, contracting individuals for conclusi ve choice process and so forth. (SHRM, 2016) 2.4 On the off chance that we attempt to assess the viability of the recruitment and determination methods in above chosen associations we can state that the recruitment and choice procedure of Iceland is exceptionally viable contrasted with others. The procedure or system took after by Iceland guarantees the equivalent representative open doors. Reasonable and required representatives can be chosen by that way. One the other hand for other three associations there may inward determination prepare that can come about howl the desire execution level. Iceland never inclines toward nepotism regarding recruitment and choice process that guarantees the viability and proficiency as far as exhibitions. In any case, there might be some issue emerge since a couple minute perception by test and viva may not generally function admirably. In such manner inward recruitment and determination prepare at times function admirably since by this procedure restorative recruitment is conceivable at a more noteworthy degree. (Todays news, 2016) 3.1 Regularly there is a solid relationship between reward framework and inspiration. Inspiration can originate from numerous ways. Suitable reward framework is one of them. From the above contextual investigation it has been seen that inborn needs comes about the solid inspiration for the workers. The inborn needs are the requirements of the individual needs. Individual, for the most part, have various key mental needs including the need to feel that worker can accomplish something great, they should be a part of gathering, the requirement for regard and consolation from others. Those necessities may originate from some specific issue like advancement, settling on choice, adding to a group, doing assortment of undertakings etc. Iceland is such an association, to the point that has a solid duty to address these issues by occupation pivot, worker engagement, representative inclusion in basic leadership that dependably make a solid connection amongst representative and boss. 3.2 There is a cozy relationship between employment or execution assessment and installment. Be that as it may, installment methodology may differ association to association and nation to nation over the world. In a few associations employment or execution assessment is just a single criteria to decide the installment. Also, it is valid for little retail association for the most extreme cases. Be that as it may, if there should arise an occurrence of extensive size based enterprise different variables with employment assessment might be considered as vital issue to decide the installment or pay. In light of the situation of Iceland it has been watched that, are three strategies for occupation assessment are seen like requesting technique, grouping strategy and point strategy. Requesting technique otherwise called positioning strategy for the most part comprised by both administration and worker agents organizing work from most astounding to least request. (SHRM, 2016) 3.3 As indicated by the specialists of human resources administration, four sorts of reward framework are there honed by the associations. They are continuously inborn versus outward reward framework, money related versus non-monetary reward framework, work put issue: work improvement, execution based versus participation based reward system. The thought process and objective of every association is not same. So one reward framework is successful for one association. It differs association to association. In the event that we attempt to survey the reward arrangement of Iceland it can be seen that Iceland is taking after the natural reward framework that is exceptionally powerful for this association. The workers of this association is such a great amount of satisfied to this reward framework. The qualities or elements of inborn reward framework are extremely useful for its representatives as this reward framework incorporates cooperation in basic leadership, more noteworthy occupation flexibility and watchfulness, obligation, all the more intriguing work, self-awareness openings, differing qualities of exercises. These all components are exceptionally useful to propel and hold the workers of this association. (SHRM, 2016) 3.4 Observing workers and execution administration is one of the key calculates human resources administration. Without legitimate observing and execution administration a firm or association cant see a definitive achievement in future. When we attempt to look at the strategies embraced by Iceland to screen representatives execution a few inquiries might be extremely useful to analyze it. Those inquiries ought to be (1) Is the strategy performed well? (2) Are there any productive techniques more compelling than that of it? (3) How really it functions admirably? Finding every one of the solutions from the handy situation we ought to observe to Iceland way to deal with do it. We can see that Iceland is extremely willing to draw in its workers in basic leadership, to employment advancement and so on. The motivations behind Iceland are being accomplished thusly. Presently we can think if this association takes other techniques to screen its representatives then what will be the genuine situation? The answer can be exceptionally critical. So one might say that the strategy took after by Iceland is working well for it. ([emailprotected] snippet, 2017) 4.1 (The Managers Guide to HR- Max Muller) As I have said there are some particular purposes for end of work like end of business operations, minimizing the work cost, out of line method for representatives, work debate and so on. Faisals termination at the Chicken Master was truly justified as he was paying no attention to the work. His absence during working hours, inefficiency in work was the main reasons. He used to ignore his duties while spending time on calls with her wife or daughter. He was an irresponsible worker. As he was also caught in pornography and other non-acceptable stuff, Bob did the right thing by cancelling his contract. Bob was very much justified in doing so as he warned Faisal a lot of times about his issues but Faisal paid no heed to it. When we see the explanations behind discontinuance of work with uncommon motivations to the associations it is to specify that the suspension rate of work of the Chicken Master is low. For the most extreme cases suspension of work in an organization happens for misrepresentation and most elevated truancy rate of representatives, money related aversion in early phases of its operations. Other than that suspension of work is found in associations in view of exceptionally poor execution as far as client dealings, client relationship keeping up. Among the reasons specified above money related abhorrence is striking exceptionally for the greater part of the associations. Late world financial emergency is the appropriate case for it. 4.2 Work exit system is the following stride of end of business. It fluctuates association to association and nation to nation. In any case, the privileges of workers must to be guaranteed by every kind of association. The business leave method framework ought to be reasonable and particular. As indicated by the work right association must guarantee the reasonable method for business leave technique. Business leave methodology of any organization should be exceptionally excellent. Firstly it should advise the representative formally about suspension. Also it should offers time to representative to set his or her contention against the progression taken by association. In the event that representative is not ready to put his or her contention in his or her support, association should formally eliminate him or her at long last. At that point the association should satisfy all the necessity because of the worker. And a discontinuance card should sent to the address of representative. (The balance, 2017) 4.3 (The Managers Guide to HR- Max Muller) Keeping up the administrative structure at the season of discontinuance of work is extremely basic for partnerships of the business world. Every single association must need to take after the terms and states of suspension and leave strategies of work. When we consider the end course of action of work in the Chicken Master it is seen that the suspension technique of the Chicken Master match every one of the prerequisites of legitimate issue. The Chicken Master never attempt to abuse any terms and conditions got from lawful system. From the foundation of the Chicken Master it is realized that, the Chicken Master never attempted to skirt any articles and arrangement of work law and work rights as far as end methods. From the above exchange we can finish up such a route, to the point that since human resources administration is a constantly rehearsing issue so it assumes a critical part on associations general execution. On the off chance that an association needs to increase full profit by human resources administration it ought to take after every one of the areas of HRM. In a little retail association there are might be a couple of people are selected for its every day operations and exhibitions. Here an imperious method of the proprietor is watched. Iceland never inclines toward nepotism as far as enlistment and choice process that guarantees the viability and proficiency as far as exhibitions. From the foundation of Iceland it is realized that, Iceland never attempted to avoid any articles and arrangement of work law and work rights as far as end procedures. Iceland itself has legitimate counseling board that dependably bargain the lawful based issues and gives the reasonable and particular consultancy to make the essential strides. Suspension of work is an extremely touchy issue for an association in present day and focused universe of discontinuance. In spite of the fact that discontinuance is not expected any more from an association but rather still this situation is happening in a few associations. End can be happened by the end of any association or minimizing the work costs or any debating or unjustifiable method for means. Suspension of business is more touchy issue due to work law and work rights. Executing examinations, when gone up against a steady start, goad the employees. In an organization, there are a couple issues on which level headed discussion may rise between the employees and the organizations. You can state conflicts are basically unavoidable. In such a circumstance, it is the human resource division which goes about as an expert and judge to manage those issues compellingly. They first hear the grievances of the specialists. By then they consider sensible responses for manage them. By the days end, they make propitious move and keep things from leaving hands. The obligation of setting up incredible publicizing lies with the HRM in a manner of speaking. They mastermind gatherings, courses and distinctive expert parties for the association remembering the true objective to create organization with various business divisions. As a less than dependable rule, the HR division expects a dynamic part in setting up the business and publicizing suspects the organization too. Any organization, without a proper setup for HRM will without a doubt experience the evil impacts of huge issues while managing its standard activities. Subsequently, today, associations must put an extensive measure of effort and essentialness into setting up a strong and effective HRM. [1] Accounting-management (2009) Available at: http://accountlearning.blogspot.com. [2] Human resource management functions HR l concepts l topics l definitions l abour laws l online (no date) Available at: http://www.whatishumanresource.com/Human-Resource-Management-functions. [3] Michael Armstrong Armstrongs Handbook on Human Resources Management. [4] SHRM (2016) Popular tools. Available at: https://www.shrm.org/ [5] Todays news (2016) Available at: http://www.hrmasia.com/ [6] BE IN THE KNOW ONÂ   (2016). Available at: http://www.humanresourcestoday.com/ [7] [emailprotected] snippet (2017) Available at: https://hr.duke.edu/ [8] The Managers Guide to HR by Max Muller-Second Edition [9] The balance (2017) Available at: https://www.thebalance.com

What is Truth - Comparison of Plato and Peirces Philosophy :: essays research papers

What is Truth?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For thousands of years, mankind has persistently pursued truth, knowledge, and understanding. For most, this pursuit is a driving force which usually doesn’t end until one finds a â€Å"truth† that is satisfying to him or her. Even then, however, one may choose to look for an alternate truth that may be even more satisfying to them. This pursuit does not always follow the same path for everyone as there are different ideas as to how truth is actually obtained and which is the best way to obtain it. Two individuals and great philosophers of their time, Plato and Charles Peirce, each had their own ideas on how truth and knowledge could be obtained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the main differences between Plato’s and Peirce’s philosophies regarding truth is that Plato believed truth is founded in knowledge while Peirce believed knowledge could never be obtained. Plato believed that everyone possesses knowledge and the realization of this knowledge could be achieved through recollection. This was demonstrated in Plato’s Meno when Socrates presented the â€Å"square of double size† question to the slave boy. Socrates did not teach the slave boy how to get the answer, he merely asked the boy a series of questions and the boy came to the right answer through recollection. In this way, the boy already possessed the knowledge to answer the question correctly. With this philosophy, truth is past-oriented. Past experiences and universal knowledge is the key to truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Plato also had the philosophy of dyadic intuitionism. Intuition, Plato believed, is the basis of knowledge. Logical progressions need not be made to determine relationships and discover truth. Plato was closer to the side of the â€Å"Realm of Being† as opposed to the â€Å"Realm of Becoming†. The ‘Realm of Being† is eternal, involves recollection and acquisition of knowledge, and consists of a more optimistic view of truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Peirce, on the other hand, believed that true knowledge could never be obtained. He believed that truth was future oriented. Peirce’s preferred method of pursuing truth was the scientific method. This method consists of forming a hypothesis and trying to disprove the hypothesis through practical evidence. Although Peirce thought the scientific method was the best approach to search for truth, he believed that it could only be used to disprove a hypothesis, and that nothing could be proven for certain. It is through this idea that his belief that knowledge can never be obtained is founded.

Marriages in China :: essays research papers

Many different countries celebrate marriages different ways. In the US, the bride wears a white gown, and the groom wears a tuxedo. In countries like China, the bride wears a brightly colored dress. From ancient times marriage has been regulated by law and religious practice. China has a very interesting marriage celebration. In the 19th century, A wedding represented the transfer of a woman’s dependence on money from her family to her new husband. There was also a transfer of the woman's property, called a dowry, from the bride’s father to her husband. This transfer of property was made if the marriage was voluntary or an arranged marriage where the woman's consent was not asked for. Most times in the 19th century, when a couple got married, it was arranged by the parents, and the couple had no say in it. In the 20th century, things changed for the better. China proclaimed a marriage code giving spouses equal rights in the control of property in 1950. Laws of most countries require the husband to support his wife and children. With the increase in the number of women working outside the home, the women sometimes support themselves and child support has fallen upon her nearly as much as her husband. Couples now choose their own partners, but must get the consent of their parents. As a wedding give, it is customary for the parents to buy appliances for the couple’s new home. They have a simple ceremony, and the date is chosen by the parents. A popular date for weddings in China is the seventh day of the seventh moon. They say that a fairy from heaven can bless their marriage on that day.

Comparisons between ‘ The Daffodils’ by William Wordsworth and ‘The new fast automatic Daffodils’ by Adrian Henri

Both titles show that the poems are about daffodils. The word ‘fast' and ‘automatic' in Henri's title prepares the reader for more modern variation. ‘The daffodils' by Wordsworth, is about daffodils. The poet is dreaming or thinking of daffodils, like for example: ‘Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze' and ‘I wandered as a lonely cloud'. The poet is really fascinated by the daffodils, because he is describing it so beautiful. It is a very happy poem and also very natural, calm, appreciated and thoughtful. The poem has an effect. The rhythm is effective, it helps people to remember the poem better. The rhyme scheme: ab ab cc makes it easy to remember. Stanza 4 means: The poet is lying on his back looking to the sky and thinking about the daffodils. By thinking of the daffodils, it makes him happy and he gets happy thoughts about it. ‘The waves beside them dance', is a metaphor. I would definitely chose this poem, because it is a relaxing poem, I think the poem will attract people. It tells people what he thinks of daffodils. The poem refers to the characteristics of landscapes. It think, people form the 1900 will understand it because it is written in their language. Where the people won't be able to understand it because cars didn't exist in their time. Adrian Henri's poem, ‘The new, fast, automatic daffodils', uses words and phrases, which are the same as ‘The daffodils' by Wordsworth. Like for example: ‘Bliss of solitude' ‘Inward eye' ‘In vacant and in pensive mood' '10 000 saw I at a glance' (only, Wordsworth uses word for the 10 000 (ten thousand) ) Henri wanted to make an interesting poem, so he mixed the car leaflet or advertisement with Wordsworth's poem. Wordsworth's poem is about the daffodil as a part of nature and natural beauty. Henri's ‘daffodils' is more comfortable in the technical age, as a machine or car. Both have some of the same lines which have been used in each poem, i.e. ‘that floats on high o'er vales and hills'. Both use language effectively to describe their different views on the ‘daffodil'. Wordsworth uses words which are not familiar to a modern reader but was in keeping for the time it was written in the 18th century, i.e. ‘jocund' ‘glee' ‘bliss'. Henri uses advertising language such as ‘generously portioned' and ‘cruising speed' to appeal to a modern reader. An 18th century reader would not understand parts of the language. Both poets use repetition to get across certain points to the reader. Wordsworth uses similes and personification in order to encourage the reader to identify and recognise his message. Henri uses figures and bold capital letters to make his work more scientific and technical. It is his use of the language of the media, which helps the reader to identify with his point of view. Both poets are writing within the style and context of their own individual historical time. Wordsworth was born in 1770 and died in 1850. Some of his poetry – including ‘Daffodil' – was inspired by his love of walking and travelling, and by observing and commenting on his natural surroundings. Adrian Henri was born in 1932 and is still living. I the 1960's he was know as one of the ‘Liverpool poets' and from 1967-1970 he led the poetry/rock group called ‘Liverpool Scene'. This probably helps to account for his collage style in this poem, of mixing different types of poetry and texts in order to create something completely different. Both poems have a positive and happy tone. Wordsworth's poem has a calm and tranquil tone, which is based on appreciation of the beauty of a natural landscape, and the calming effect that contemplation can have on the soul. Henri's poem is much more upbeat and brash. It is selling the ‘daffodil' as a consumer item. I think that I will chose ‘The daffodils' by William Wordsworth because I am a person that like nature and not very interested in cars. It depend on the person's personality whether they like the poem by Wordsworth or the poem by Henri. Both titles show that the poems are about daffodils. Wordsworth' s poem is about flowers and Henri's poem is about a Dutch car. Henri is using words and phrases he took from Wordsworth's poem. Both poems are calm and happy. Both poets use repetition to get across certain points of the reader. Well my conclusion is that the two poems are not about the same thing.

Police Operations Essay

There are many types of Police operations. Policing in general has a wide range of different kinds of strategies and areas. To begin with one of the most important, in my opinion in police operations is the dangers of policing. The main principle that contributes to policing in general is the danger that comes with this sort of job. As police officers they are putting their lives at risk each and every single day. They are never certain of what will happen. The minute they start their duty they can encounter all sorts of problems with all sorts of people. They deal with some of the most violent people and not to mention dangerous people as well. There have been numerous occasions in when officers have lost their lives after responding to a crime call. It happens very often, these officers are never guaranteed that they will be safe when the respond to a crime call. The dangerous of policing can start as simply as pulling someone over for running a stop sign or simply for a light they have off, or a suspended license registration. Over all, the reason for an individual getting pulled over in unbearable. Bottom line is that if an individual gets pulled over for any of the above mentioned reasons does not mean that the person is not capable of having a criminal background, a warrant, or violent past. When officers pullover an individual they really have no clue what kind of person they are about to encounter. As officers it is very important that they are cautious and alert at all times. There have been stories when officers respond to calls and the individual retaliates on the officer, this issue has cost officers life in the past. It is a very unfortunate situation but that is the job as a police officer. The dangers that cause over half of all police deaths are traffic incidents. In 2009, 56 officers died in the line of duty by traffic incidents. According to data from the National Law Enforcement Officers  Memorial Fund reported traffic remains the largest cause of death for 12 years running. In 2009, 47 officers died by intentional gunfire up 24% from the previous year and gunf ire claimed the lives of 38 officers. These are the two major cause of death in policing and an increasing concern for different tactics which require more effective means, such as body armor for example. (Keating, M.2012). Police operations are extremely demanding activities that challenge policemen by strict load, working memory, and fast rational thinking. Such activities should never be underestimated as human life is in jeopardy every time police operations take place. Police operations task demands are to great extent dependable on task complexity due to the fact that the performance becomes better when the task is less complicated and may get worse during difficult tasks Although the latter challenges human factor in terms of intellectual intensity, time pressure, and enormous responsibility, it does develop profound professional skills if only thorough training aimed at self-discipline and self-organization is carried out. Dangers of policing Each day an officer awakes to go to work his or her life is in danger. The dangers can range from getting into a car wreck on the way to work, while responding to a call, poor nutrition, assaulted on the scene of a call, and from handling of apprehend suspects. Driving is part on an officer’s daily duty; however, that does not make him or her immune to a car crash. Physical harm is one of the greatest dangers to any and all police officers. An officer could be assaulted or attacked by an armed criminal at any time or place. A lack of adequate back up is another prime example of a dangerous situation for a police officer. Although a police officer should not pursue any situation in which he or she is widely outnumbered, and without back up, this is always a possibility. (Copblock.org 2010). Police officers never know when a person will attack, so transporting a person to a jail or prison can be a very dangerous position to be in. Not only do police officers have to pay attentio n to what they are doing but also must be aware of the other hundreds of vehicles to who they are sharing the roadway. When an officer gets into a police chase, the likelihood of a wreck increases significantly. Therefore, an officer must have a valid reason to initiate a car chase.  Another danger to an officer is the issue of his or her health. Police officers normally work rotating shifts and eat large amounts of fast food. The rotating shift alone can make someone’s health fail, let alone adding the fast food to it. Shift work can have terrible effects on one’s circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms, also known as the body’s internal clock, are a 24-hour cycle. The rise of the sun and nightfall affects the rhythms (Copblock.org 2010). When the rhythm is interrupted by rotating shifts, this can cause sleep disorders and very unhealthy eating patterns. Another danger would be that both police workers and officers experience various tasks, interpersonal and physical demands during police operations that the majority of ordinary people never come across at their work or in their families. These requirements and stressors negatively influence a physical and psychological condition that may lead to more serious physical or mental damage or interruption. Role and physical demands for policemen can develop a condition of constant overload called hyper stress. Typically, the number of queries concerns and emergency calls exceeds the time assigned to a particular police worker. Therefore, not only is the quality of the time given to each separate case and that’s why each case at risk, the mental and physical condition of the police worker is in constant jeopardy. Regarding investigators, they experience heavy caseloads for which they are expected to follow prescribed case management criteria. Also, they find themselves within very limited time framework set by prosecutors who may keep them under the pressure to finish the process as fast as they possibly can, so that the case can reach the trial. Insomnia or permanent tiredness is often caused by hyper stress, as well as weight loss /gain and different degrees of impairment of mental processes. On the contrary, hypo stress may emerge from input under loads for police workers who work a 3rd shift and accept few or calls during night hours. One of the most influential task demands is resistance to stress and ability to cope with sudden interruptions. Experts say that highly indicated factors may have negative effect on police operations outcome as they develop more frequent forgetting on the planned action. Also the activity of working memory is very vulnerable to all external factors accepted by the human body through sight, hearing, smell, etc. Less than Lethal weapons Less-Lethal weapons defined as weapons or any devices that are intended to be less likely to kill a living target than are traditional weapons. Such weapons are also termed as non-lethal weapons, less-than-lethal weapons, non-deadly weapons, compliance weapons, or pain-inducing weapons. Non-lethal weapons may be used in circumstances where conventional weapons are restricted or lethal force is prohibited or undesirable. (USLegal.com 2012). They are also used in combat situations to limit the escalation of conflict. According to California standards, these weapon includes the frame or receiver of any weapon described as but does not include any of the following unless the part or weapon has been converted as described in subdivision as any device that is designed to or that has been converted to expel or propel less lethal ammunition by any action, mechanism, or process for the purpose of incapacitating, immobilizing, or stunning a human being through the infliction of any less than l ethal impairment of physical condition, function, or senses, including physical pain or discomfort. For example, non-lethal weapons may be a destructive devise, tear gas, a bow or cross bow, or something as simple as a slingshot. Technology used in policing The rate of technological change in recent years is so fast that one could reasonably suggest that the top 10 jobs 10 years from now, those jobs might not even exist today. (Schultz, P. D. 2008). Technology is changing the way police departments operate, how criminals are processed, how crimes are investigated, and how trials follow through. Technologies funded today were not even common knowledge just a few years ago. Some technology that police use to assist them with crime investigations start with the very car or vehicle they drive. From crime lights to in-car camera systems, to having an on-board computer right at the disposal of the officer has changed the way the police follow through with crimes. When a crime has been process the evidence goes to the forensic labs where technology of today and the future shows its face. The technology that the labs use today and possible will enhance as the years go by are anything from Photo enhancement systems, graffiti cameras, thermal imaging, and the ability to search for individuals using finger prints and DNA samples. On the other hand, the use of thermal imagers can assist police officers with drug and marijuana arrests. Sometimes even the use of a K9 unit is sometimes used to  assist in drug arrests. The next other forms of technology that are used to process and assist police officers is the CIRS Criminal Investigations Records Systems) which are used to search, match and identify any suspect that the police seem fit. Radios are almost always used with any officer both on the streets and in the car. The radio allows the officer to stay in contact with other officers, call for back up, signal for help, and request a transfer of a suspect. Some other technology that are sometimes used are lasers, mainly used for terroristic threats and attacks, language translators, that are used for the many citizens who speak other languages, Cameras for K9 Units, an automatic license plate recognition, and finally a global positioning devise.( Schultz, P. D. 2008) Issues of Homeland Security and law enforcement relationships Many people in all levels of the government are now taking a hard look at how best to protect their communities from terrorism and crime. (Cooke, L. G., & Hahn, L. R. 2006). Following the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001, a revolution has been underway in the relationships of federal, state, and local homeland security, law enforcement, and intelligence organizations. At the federal level, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has been created, the â€Å"wall† between law enforcement and intelligence has been nearly obliterated, some law enforcement organizations are being directed to become more like intelligence agencies, and the foreign intelligence community is being fundamentally reformed. Right now public law enforcement is facing a major crisis, with the activation of military reservists, which hurt police staffing, jurisdictions lack resources to hire additional officers, and local communities, cities, countries, and states face tight budgets. (Cooke, L. G., & Hahn, L. R. 2006) Although there are many problems in the homeland security, the police officers still manage to keep a solid relationship with the community. By keeping those safe from crime, and keeping crime off the streets, and developing relationship with the citizens of the community, our society will once again be able to battle the war of crime. The Future of Policing Some police forces believe that 20 years from now they will operate much as they do today, but advances in technology and operating concepts are driving  significant changes in day-to-day police operations. The potential visions of the future of policing, based on the concept of jurisdiction, technology, and threat, and include concrete steps for implementation. This idea is based on a review of policing methods and theories from the 19th century to the present day. Recommendations include educating personnel and leaders to build internal support for change, transitioning to share technical platforms, and leveraging winning technologies. Because criminals will also use new technology that becomes available, the key to the future of policing will not be the technology itself; it will be the ways in which police forces adapt the technology to their needs. Conclusion There are many types of Police operations. Policing in general has a wide range of different kinds of strategies and areas. All of which are used today to keep our streets and community safe from crime and terrorism. There are many different kinds of relationships in which police officers have with the community to this day, in order for the community to assist the police in any way they can. The use of technology that is used with in the many different branches of police, military and government are all sign that paint the way to the future of what the police force and military and government will become as the years go by into the future. References Cooke, L. G., & Hahn, L. R. (2006, November). The Missing Link in Homeward Security. Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1048&issue_id=112006 Keating, M. (2012). Big Drop in Police deaths last year. Retrieved from http://govpro.com/public_safety/law/poice-deaths-low-20100112 Schultz, P. D. (2008, June). Technology in Police Departments. Retrieved from http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display&article_id=1527&issue_id=62008 USLegal.com. (2012). Less-lethal weapon law & legal definition. Retrieved from http://definitions.unlegal.com/I/less-lethal-weapon/ Copblock.org. (2010, September 13). How dangerous is Police Work? Retrieved from http://www.copblock.org/923/how-dangerous-is-police-work/